Subcutaneous Outpatient Management

ABSTRACT

A method of administering insulin includes receiving subcutaneous information for a patient at a computing device and executing a subcutaneous outpatient program for determining recommended insulin dosages. The subcutaneous outpatient program includes obtaining glucose data of the patient, aggregating glucose measurements to determine a representative aggregate glucose measurement associated with at least one scheduled glucose time interval, and determining a next recommended insulin dosage for the patient based on the representative aggregate glucose measurement and the subcutaneous information. The method also includes transmitting the next recommended insulin dosage to administration device associated with the patient.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This U.S. patent application is a continuation of, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 from, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/520,936, filed on Jul. 24, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/124,026, filed on Sep. 6, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/855,315, filed on Dec. 27, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/922,763, filed on Oct. 26, 2015, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application 62/069,195, filed Oct. 27, 2014. The disclosures of these prior applications are considered part of the disclosure of this application and are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to a system for managing insulin administration or insulin dosing.

BACKGROUND

Managing diabetes requires calculating insulin doses for maintaining blood glucose measurements within desired ranges. Managing diabetes requires calculating insulin doses for maintaining blood glucose measurements within desired ranges. Manual calculation may not be accurate due to human error, which can lead to patient safety issues. Different institutions use multiple and sometimes conflicting protocols to manually calculate an insulin dosage. Moreover, the diabetic population includes many young children or elderly persons whom have difficulty understanding calculations for insulin doses.

SUMMARY

One aspect of the disclosure provides a method. The method includes receiving subcutaneous information for a patient at data processing hardware and executing, at the data processing hardware, a subcutaneous outpatient process for determining recommended insulin dosages. The subcutaneous outpatient process includes obtaining, at the data processing hardware, blood glucose data of the patient from a glucometer in communication with the computing device. The blood glucose data includes blood glucose measurements of the patient, blood glucose times associated with a time of each blood glucose measurement, and dosages of insulin administered by the patient associated with each blood glucose measurement. The subcutaneous outpatient process further includes determining associated ones of scheduled blood glucose time intervals for each of the blood glucose measurements using the data processing hardware based on the blood glucose times and aggregating, using the data processing hardware, the blood glucose measurements associated with at least one of the scheduled blood glucose time intervals to determine a representative aggregate blood glucose measurement associated with the at least one scheduled blood glucose time interval. The method further includes determining a next recommended insulin dosage for the patient using the data processing hardware based on the representative aggregate blood glucose measurement and the subcutaneous information and transmitting the next recommended insulin dosage to a portable device associated with the patient, the portable device displaying the next recommended insulin dosage.

Implementations of the disclosure may include one or more of the following optional features. In some implementations, the method includes transmitting the subcutaneous outpatient process to an administration device in communication with the data processing hardware. The administration device includes a doser and an administration computing device in communication with the doser. The administration computing device, when executing the subcutaneous outpatient program, causes the doser to administer insulin specified by the subcutaneous outpatient program. The data processing hardware may obtain the blood glucose data by one or more of the following ways: receiving the blood glucose data from a remote computing device in communication with the data processing hardware during a batch download process, the remote computing device executing a download program for downloading the blood glucose data from the glucometer; receiving the blood glucose data from the glucometer upon measuring the blood glucose measurement; receiving the blood glucose data from a meter manufacturer computing device in communication with the data processing hardware during a batch download process, the meter manufacturer receiving the blood glucose data from the glucometer; or receiving the blood glucose data from a patient device in communication with the data processing hardware and the glucometer, the patient device receiving the blood glucose data from the glucometer.

In some examples, the method includes aggregating, using the data processing hardware, one or more of the blood glucose measurements associated with a breakfast blood glucose time interval to determine a representative aggregate breakfast blood glucose measurement and aggregating, using the data processing hardware, one or more of the blood glucose measurements associated with a midsleep blood glucose time interval to determine a representative aggregate midsleep blood glucose measurement. The method may further include selecting, using the data processing hardware, a governing blood glucose as a lesser one of the representative aggregate midsleep blood glucose measurement or the representative aggregate breakfast blood glucose measurement and determining, using the data processing hardware, an adjustment factor for adjusting a next recommended basal dosage based on the selected governing blood glucose measurement. The method may further include obtaining, using the data processing hardware, a previous day's recommended basal dosage and determining, using the data processing hardware, the next recommended basal dosage by multiplying the adjustment factor times the previous day's recommended basal dosage.

In some implementations, the method includes aggregating, using the data processing hardware, one or more of the blood glucose measurements associated with a lunch blood glucose time interval to determine a representative aggregate lunch blood glucose measurement and selecting, using the data processing hardware, a governing blood glucose as the representative aggregate lunch blood glucose measurement. The method may also include determining, using the data processing hardware, an adjustment factor for adjusting a next recommended breakfast bolus based on the selected governing blood glucose measurement, obtaining, using the data processing hardware, a previous day's recommended breakfast bolus, and determining, using the data processing hardware, the next recommended breakfast bolus by multiplying the adjustment factor times the previous day's recommended breakfast bolus.

In some examples, the method includes aggregating, using the data processing hardware, one or more of the blood glucose measurements associated with a dinner blood glucose time interval to determine a representative aggregate dinner blood glucose measurement and selecting, using the data processing hardware, a governing blood glucose as the representative aggregate dinner blood glucose measurement. The method may also include determining, using the data processing hardware, an adjustment factor for adjusting a next recommended lunch bolus based on the selected governing blood glucose measurement, obtaining, using the data processing hardware, a previous day's recommended lunch bolus, and determining, using the data processing hardware, the next recommended lunch bolus by multiplying the adjustment factor times the previous day's recommended lunch bolus.

In some implementations, the method includes aggregating, using the data processing hardware, one or more of the blood glucose measurements associated with a bedtime blood glucose time interval to determine a representative aggregate bedtime blood glucose measurement and selecting, using the data processing hardware, a governing blood glucose as the representative aggregate bedtime blood glucose measurement. The method may also include determining, using the data processing hardware, an adjustment factor for adjusting a next recommended dinner bolus based on the selected governing blood glucose measurement, obtaining, using the data processing hardware, a previous day's recommended dinner bolus, and determining, using the data processing hardware, the next recommended dinner bolus by multiplying the adjustment factor times the previous day's recommended dinner bolus.

In some examples, the method includes aggregating, using the data processing hardware, one or more of the blood glucose measurements associated with a selected time interval to determine a representative aggregate blood glucose measurement associated with the selected time interval and selecting, using the data processing hardware, a governing blood glucose as the representative aggregate blood glucose measurement associated with the selected time interval. The method may further include determining, using the data processing hardware, an adjustment factor for adjusting a next recommended carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio governed by the selected time interval based on the selected governing blood glucose measurement, obtaining, using the data processing hardware, a previous day's recommended carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio governed by the selected time interval, and determining, using the data processing hardware, the next recommended carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio by multiplying the adjustment factor times the previous day's recommended carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio. The selected time interval may include one of lunch blood glucose interval, a dinner blood glucose time interval, or a bedtime blood glucose time interval. Each scheduled blood glucose time interval may correlate to an associated blood glucose type including one of a pre-breakfast blood glucose measurement, a pre-lunch blood glucose measurement, a pre-dinner blood glucose measurement, a bedtime blood glucose measurement and a midsleep blood glucose measurement.

In some examples, the method includes determining, using the data processing hardware, the blood glucose type for each of blood glucose measurement, the blood glucose type is tagged by the patient when measuring the blood glucose measurement. A portion of the scheduled blood glucose time intervals are associated with time intervals when the patient is consuming meals and a remaining portion of the scheduled blood glucose time intervals are associated with time intervals when the patient is not consuming meals.

In some examples, the method includes receiving, at the data processing hardware, a specified date range from a remote healthcare provider computing device in communication with the data processing hardware and aggregating, using the data processing hardware, one or more of the blood glucose measurements associated with at least one scheduled blood glucose time intervals and within the specified date range. The representative aggregate blood glucose measurement may include a mean blood glucose value for the associated scheduled blood glucose time interval. The representative aggregate blood glucose measurement may further include a median blood glucose value for the associated scheduled blood glucose time interval.

Another aspect of the disclosure provides a system. The system includes a dosing controller receiving subcutaneous information for a patient and executing a subcutaneous outpatient process for determining recommended insulin dosages, during subcutaneous outpatient program. The dosing controller includes obtaining, at the data processing hardware, blood glucose data of the patient from a glucometer in communication with the computing device, the blood glucose data including blood glucose measurements of the patient, blood glucose times associated with a time of each blood glucose measurement, and dosages of insulin administered by the patient associated with each blood glucose measurement. The system also includes determining associated ones of scheduled blood glucose time intervals for each of the blood glucose measurements based on the blood glucose times and aggregating the blood glucose measurements associated with at least one of the scheduled blood glucose time intervals to determine a representative aggregate blood glucose measurement associated with the at least one scheduled blood glucose time interval. The system also includes determining a next recommended insulin dosage for the patient based on the representative aggregate blood glucose measurement and the subcutaneous information and transmitting the next recommended insulin dosage to a portable device associated with the patient, the portable device displaying the next recommended insulin dosage.

This aspect may include one or more of the following optional features. In some implementations, the dosing controller transmits the subcutaneous outpatient process to an administration device in communication with the dosing controller. The administration device includes a doser and an administration computing device in communication with the doser. The administration computing device, when executing the subcutaneous outpatient process, causes the doser to administer insulin specified by the subcutaneous outpatient process. The dosing controller may obtain the blood glucose data by one or more of the following: receiving the blood glucose data from a remote computing device in communication with the dosing controller during a batch download process, the remote computing device executing a download program for downloading the blood glucose data from the glucometer; receiving the blood glucose data from the glucometer upon measuring the blood glucose measurement; receiving the blood glucose data from a meter manufacturer computing device in communication with the dosing controller during a batch download process, the meter manufacturer receiving the blood glucose data from the glucometer; or receiving the blood glucose data from a patient device in communication with the dosing controller and the glucometer, the patient device receiving the blood glucose data from the glucometer.

The dosing controller may further include aggregating one or more of the blood glucose measurements associated with a breakfast blood glucose time interval to determine a representative aggregate breakfast blood glucose measurement and aggregating one or more of the blood glucose measurements associated with a midsleep blood glucose time interval to determine a representative aggregate midsleep blood glucose measurement. The dosing controller may further include selecting a governing blood glucose as a lesser one of the representative aggregate midsleep blood glucose measurement or the representative aggregate breakfast blood glucose measurement, determining an adjustment factor for adjusting a next recommended basal dosage based on the selected governing blood glucose measurement, obtaining a previous day's recommended basal dosage, and determining the next recommended basal dosage by multiplying the adjustment factor times the previous day's recommended basal dosage.

The dosing controller may also include aggregating one or more of the blood glucose measurements associated with a lunch blood glucose time interval to determine a representative aggregate lunch blood glucose measurement and selecting a governing blood glucose as the representative aggregate lunch blood glucose measurement. The dosing controller may further include determining an adjustment factor for adjusting a next recommended breakfast bolus based on the selected governing blood glucose measurement, obtaining a previous day's recommended breakfast bolus, and determining the next recommended breakfast bolus by multiplying the adjustment factor times the previous day's recommended breakfast bolus.

In some examples, the dosing controller includes aggregating one or more of the blood glucose measurements associated with a dinner blood glucose time interval to determine a representative aggregate dinner blood glucose measurement and selecting a governing blood glucose as the representative aggregate dinner blood glucose measurement. The dosing controller may also include determining an adjustment factor for adjusting a next recommended lunch bolus based on the selected governing blood glucose measurement, obtaining a previous day's recommended lunch bolus, and determining the next recommended lunch bolus by multiplying the adjustment factor times the previous day's recommended lunch bolus.

In some implementations, the dosing controller includes aggregating one or more of the blood glucose measurements associated with a bedtime blood glucose time interval to determine a representative aggregate bedtime blood glucose measurement and selecting a governing blood glucose as the representative aggregate bedtime blood glucose measurement. The dosing controller may also include determining an adjustment factor for adjusting a next recommended dinner bolus based on the selected governing blood glucose measurement, obtaining a previous day's recommended dinner bolus, and determining the next recommended dinner bolus by multiplying the adjustment factor times the previous day's recommended dinner bolus.

The dosing controller may further include aggregating one or more of the blood glucose measurements associated with a selected time interval to determine a representative aggregate blood glucose measurement associated with the selected time interval and selecting a governing blood glucose as the representative aggregate blood glucose measurement associated with the selected time interval. The dosing controller may also include determining an adjustment factor for adjusting a next recommended carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio governed by the selected time interval based on the selected governing blood glucose measurement, obtaining a previous day's recommended carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio governed by the selected time interval, and determining the next recommended carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio by multiplying the adjustment factor times the previous day's recommended carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio. The selected time interval may include one of lunch blood glucose time interval, a dinner blood glucose time interval, or a bedtime blood glucose time interval. Each scheduled blood glucose time interval may correlate to an associated blood glucose type including one of a pre-breakfast blood glucose measurement, a pre-lunch blood glucose measurement, a pre-dinner blood glucose measurement, a bedtime blood glucose measurement and a midsleep blood glucose measurement. The dosing controller may determine the blood glucose type for each of blood glucose measurement. The blood glucose type is tagged by the patient when measuring the blood glucose measurement.

A portion of the scheduled blood glucose time intervals may be associated with time intervals when the patient is consuming meals and a remaining portion of the scheduled blood glucose time intervals may be associated with time intervals when the patient is not consuming meals. The dosing controller may receive a specified date range from a remote healthcare provider computing device in communication with the data processing hardware and aggregate one or more of the blood glucose measurements associated with at least one scheduled blood glucose time intervals and within the specified date range. The representative aggregate blood glucose measurement may include a mean blood glucose value for the associated scheduled blood glucose time interval. The representative blood glucose measurement may also include a median blood glucose value for the associated scheduled blood glucose time interval.

The details of one or more implementations of the disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other aspects, features, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a schematic view of an exemplary system for monitoring blood glucose level of a patient.

FIG. 1B is a schematic view of an exemplary system for monitoring blood glucose level of a patient.

FIG. 1C is a schematic view of an exemplary administration device in communication with a dosing controller.

FIG. 2A is a schematic view of an exemplary program for monitoring the blood glucose level of a patient.

FIG. 2B is a schematic view of an exemplary display for inputting patient information.

FIG. 2C-2F are schematic views of an exemplary display for inputting SubQ information relating to the patient.

FIG. 2G is a schematic view of an input screen for inputting configurable constants.

FIG. 2H is a schematic view of an input screen for inputting time-boundaries for intervals within a day.

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an exemplary correction boluses process.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an exemplary adjustment factor process.

FIG. 5A is a schematic view of an outpatient process using a mobile device capable of measuring blood glucose.

FIG. 5B is a schematic view of an outpatient process using mobile device capable of measuring blood glucose and calculating a corrective bolus of insulin.

FIG. 6A shows a data transfer process for communicating blood glucose data measured by a patient's glucometer.

FIG. 6B shows a process for determining an amount of past blood glucose data for use in adjusting dosages of insulin.

FIG. 6C shows a process for correcting flagged blood glucose measurements to reflect an actual time of the blood glucose measurement.

FIGS. 7A-7C are schematic views of a blood glucose aggregation process for time intervals when a patient is not consuming meals.

FIGS. 7D-7F are schematic views of a blood glucose aggregation process for time intervals when a patient is consuming meals.

FIG. 8 is a schematic view of an exemplary basal adjustment process

FIG. 9 is a schematic view of an exemplary meal bolus adjustment process.

FIG. 10 is a schematic view of an exemplary carbohydrate-insulin-ratio adjustment process.

FIG. 11 is a schematic view of exemplary components of the system of FIGS. 1A-1C.

FIG. 12A is a schematic view of an exemplary display for viewing blood glucose data.

FIG. 12B is a schematic detailed view of an exemplary modal day scatter chart for viewing blood glucose data.

FIG. 13 is a schematic view of an exemplary carbohydrate-insulin-ratio adjustment process on a meal-by-meal basis.

FIG. 14 is an exemplary arrangement of operations for administering insulin.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Diabetic outpatients must manage their blood glucose level within desired ranges by using insulin therapy that includes injection dosages of insulin corresponding to meal boluses and basal dosages. Meal boluses without meals cause hypoglycemia; meals without meal boluses cause hyperglycemia. Different providers may use different methods of adjusting doses: some may use formulas of their own; some may use paper protocols that are complex and difficult for the outpatient to follow, leading to a high incidence of human error; and some may use heuristic methods. Therefore, it is desirable to have a clinical support system 100 (FIGS. 1A and 1B) that monitors outpatients' blood glucose level.

Referring to FIG. 1A-1B, in some implementations, a clinical decision support system 100 analyzes inputted patient condition parameters for an outpatient 10 and calculates a personalized dose of insulin to bring and maintain the patient's blood glucose level into a target range BG_(TR). As used herein, the patient 10 refers to an outpatient that may be located at some remote location, such as the patient's 10 residence or place of employment. As used herein, the term “clinical” may refer to a hospital call center. Moreover, the system 100 monitors the glucose levels of a patient 10 and calculates a recommended subcutaneous insulin dose to bring the patient's blood glucose into the preferred target range BG_(TR) over a recommended period of time. A qualified and trained healthcare professional 40 may use the system 100 along with clinical reasoning to determine the proper dosing administered to a patient 10. Therefore, the system 100 is a glycemic management tool for evaluation a patient's current and cumulative blood glucose value BG while taking into consideration the patient's information such as age, weight, and height. The system 100 may also consider other information such as carbohydrate content of meals, insulin doses being administered to the patient 10, e.g., long-acting insulin doses for basal insulin and rapid-acting insulin doses for meal boluses and correction boluses. Based on those measurements (that may be stored in non-transitory memory 24, 114, 144), the system 100 recommends a subcutaneous basal and bolus insulin dosing recommendation or prescribed dose to adjust and maintain the blood glucose level towards a configurable (based on the patient's information) physician's determined blood glucose target range BG_(TR). The system 100 also considers a patient's insulin sensitivity or improved glycemic management and outcomes. The system 100 may take into account pertinent patient information such as demographics and previous results, leading to a more efficient use of healthcare resources. Finally, the system 100 provides a reporting platform for reporting the recommendations or prescribed dose(s) to the user 40 and the patient 10. In addition, the system 100 provides faster, more reliable, and more efficient insulin administration than a human monitoring the insulin administration. The system 100 reduces the probability of human error and insures consistent treatment, due to the system's capability of storing and tracking the patient's blood glucose levels BG, which may be used for statistical studies. The system 100 provides a meal-by-meal adjustment of Meal Boluses without carbohydrate counting, by providing a dedicated subprogram that adjusts meal boluses based on the immediately preceding meal bolus and the BG that followed it. The system 100 provides a meal-by-meal adjustment of Meal Boluses with carbohydrate counting by providing a dedicated subprogram that adjusts meal boluses based a Carbohydrate-to-Insulin Ratio (CTR) that is adjusted at each meal, based on the CIR used at the immediately preceding meal bolus and the BG that followed it.

Hyperglycemia is a condition that exists when blood sugars are too high. While hyperglycemia is typically associated with diabetes, this condition can exist in many patients who do not have diabetes, yet have elevated blood sugar levels caused by trauma or stress from surgery and other complications from hospital procedures. Insulin therapy is used to bring blood sugar levels back into a normal range.

Hypoglycemia may occur at any time when a patient's blood glucose level is below a preferred target. Appropriate management of blood glucose levels for critically ill patients reduces co-morbidities and is associated with a decrease in infection rates, length of hospital stay, and death. The treatment of hyperglycemia may differ depending on whether or not a patient has been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, or non-diabetic stress hyperglycemia. The blood glucose target range BG_(TR) is defined by a lower limit, i.e., a low target BG_(TRL) and an upper limit, i.e., a high target BG_(TRH).

Diabetes Mellitus has been treated for many years with insulin. Some recurring terms and phrases are described below:

Injection: Administering insulin by means of manual syringe or an insulin “pen,” with a portable syringe named for its resemblance to the familiar writing implement.

Infusion: Administering insulin in a continuous manner by means of an insulin pump for subcutaneous insulin apparatus 123 a capable of continuous administration.

Basal-Bolus Therapy: Basal-bolus therapy is a term that collectively refers to any insulin regimen involving basal insulin and boluses of insulin.

Basal Insulin: Insulin that is intended to metabolize the glucose released by a patient's the liver during a fasting state. Basal insulin is administered in such a way that it maintains a background level of insulin in the patient's blood, which is generally steady but may be varied in a programmed manner by an insulin pump 123 a. Basal insulin is a slow, relatively continuous supply of insulin throughout the day and night that provides the low, but present, insulin concentration necessary to balance glucose consumption (glucose uptake and oxidation) and glucose production (glucogenolysis and gluconeogenesis). A patient's Basal insulin needs are usually about 10 to 15 mU/kg/hr and account for 30% to 50% of the total daily insulin needs; however, considerable variation occurs based on the patient 10.

Bolus Insulin: Insulin that is administered in discrete doses. There are two main types of boluses, Meal Bolus and Correction Bolus.

Meal Bolus: Taken just before a meal in an amount which is proportional to the anticipated immediate effect of carbohydrates in the meal entering the blood directly from the digestive system. The amounts of the Meal Boluses may be determined and prescribed by a physician 40 for each meal during the day, i.e., breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Alternatively, the Meal Bolus may be calculated in an amount generally proportional to the number of grams of carbohydrates in the meal. The amount of the Meal Bolus is calculated using a proportionality constant, which is a personalized number called the Carbohydrate-to-Insulin Ratio (CIR) and calculated as follows:

Meal Insulin Bolus={grams of carbohydrates in the meal}/CIR  (1)

Correction Bolus CB: Injected immediately after a blood glucose measurement; the amount of the correction bolus is proportional to the error in the BG (i.e., the bolus is proportional to the difference between the blood glucose measurement BG and the patient's personalized Target blood glucose BG_(Target)). The proportionality constant is a personalized number called the Correction Factor, CF. The Correction Bolus is calculated as follows:

CB=(BG−BG_(Target))/CF  (2)

A Correction Bolus CB is generally administered in a fasting state, after the previously consumed meal has been digested. This often coincides with the time just before the next meal.

In some implementations, blood glucose measurements BG are aggregated using an exponentially-weighted moving average EMA_(t) as a function for each modal day's time interval BG. The EMAt is calculated as follows:

EMA_(t)=α(BG_(t))+(1−α)EMA_(t-1),  (3)

wherein:

α=2/(n+1),

wherein n is the number of equivalent days averaged. In other embodiments, an arithmetic moving average is utilized that calculates the sum of all BG values in n days divided by a total count (n) of all values associated with the arithmetic average.

There are several kinds of Basal-Bolus insulin therapy including Insulin Pump therapy and Multiple Dose Injection therapy:

Insulin Pump Therapy: An insulin pump 123 a is a medical device used for the administration of insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, also known as continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. The device includes: a pump, a disposable reservoir for insulin, and a disposable infusion set. The pump 123 a is an alternative to multiple daily injections of insulin by insulin syringe or an insulin pen and allows for intensive insulin therapy when used in conjunction with blood glucose monitoring and carbohydrate counting. The insulin pump 123 a is a battery-powered device about the size of a pager. It contains a cartridge of insulin, and it pumps the insulin into the patient via an “infusion set”, which is a small plastic needle or “canula” fitted with an adhesive patch. Only rapid-acting insulin is used.

Multiple Dose Injection (MDI): MDI involves the subcutaneous manual injection of insulin several times per day using syringes or insulin pens 123 b. Meal insulin is supplied by injection of rapid-acting insulin before each meal in an amount proportional to the meal. Basal insulin is provided as a once, twice, or three time daily injection of a dose of long-acting insulin. Other dosage frequencies may be available. Advances continue to be made in developing different types of insulin, many of which are used to great advantage with MDI regimens:

Long-acting insulins are non-peaking and can be injected as infrequently as once per day. These insulins are widely used for Basal Insulin. They are administered in dosages that make them appropriate for the fasting state of the patient, in which the blood glucose is replenished by the liver to maintain a steady minimum blood glucose level.

Rapid-acting insulins act on a time scale shorter than natural insulin. They are appropriate for boluses.

The decision support system 100 includes a glycemic management module 50, an integration module 60, a surveillance module 70, and a reporting module 80. Each module 50, 60, 70, 80 is in communication with the other modules 50, 60, 70, 80 via a network 20. In some examples, the network 20 (discussed below) provides access to cloud computing resources that allows for the performance of services on remote devices instead of the specific modules 50, 60, 70, 80. The glycemic management module 50 executes a program 200 (e.g., an executable instruction set) on a processor 112, 132, 142 or on the cloud computing resources. The integration module 60 allows for the interaction of users 40 and patients 10 with the system 100. The integration module 60 receives information inputted by a user 40 and allows the user 40 to retrieve previously inputted information stored on a storage system (e.g., one or more of cloud storage resources 24, a non-transitory memory 144 of an electronic medical system 140 of a clinic 42 or hospital call center (e.g., Telemedicine facility), a non-transitory memory 114 of the patient device 110, a non-transitory memory 134 of the service provider's system 130, or other non-transitory storage media in communication with the integration module 60). Therefore, the integration module 60 allows for the interaction between the users 40, patients 10, and the system 100 via a display 116, 146. The surveillance module 70 considers patient information 208 a received from a user 40 via the integration module 60 and information received from a glucometer 124 that measures a patient's blood glucose value BG and determines if the patient 10 is within a threshold blood glucose value BG_(TH). In some examples, the surveillance module 70 alerts the user 40 if a patient's blood glucose values BG are not within a threshold blood glucose value BG_(TH). The surveillance module 70 may be preconfigured to alert the user 40 of other discrepancies between expected values and actual values based on pre-configured parameters (discussed below). For example, when a patient's blood glucose value BG drops below a lower limit of the threshold blood glucose value BG_(THL). The reporting module 80 may be in communication with at least one display 116, 146 and provides information to the user 40 determined using the glycemic management module 50, the integration module 60, and/or the surveillance module 70. In some examples, the reporting module 80 provides a report that may be displayed on a display 116, 146 and/or is capable of being printed.

The system 100 is configured to evaluate a glucose level and nutritional intake of a patient 10. Based on the evaluation and analysis of the data, the system 100 calculates an insulin dose, which is administered to the patient 10 to bring and maintain the blood glucose level of the patient 10 into the blood glucose target range BG_(TR). The system 100 may be applied to various devices, including, but not limited to, subcutaneous insulin infusion pumps 123 a, insulin pens 123 b, glucometers 124, continuous glucose monitoring systems, and glucose sensors.

In some examples the clinical decision support system 100 includes a network 20, a patient device 110, a dosing controller 160, a service provider 130, and a meter manufacturer provider 190. The patient device 110 may include, but is not limited to, desktop computers 110 a or portable electronic device 110 b (e.g., cellular phone, smartphone, personal digital assistant, barcode reader, personal computer, or a wireless pad) or any other electronic device capable of sending and receiving information via the network 20. In some implementations, one or more of the patient's glucometer 124, insulin pump 123 a, or insulin pen 123 b are capable of sending and receiving information via the network 20.

The patient device 110 a, 110 b includes a data processor 112 a, 112 b (e.g., a computing device that executes instructions), and non-transitory memory 114 a, 114 b and a display 116 a, 116 b (e.g., touch display or non-touch display) in communication with the data processor 112. In some examples, the patient device 110 includes a keyboard 118, speakers 122, microphones, mouse, and a camera.

The glucometer 124, insulin pump 123 a, and insulin pen 123 b associated with the patient 10 include a data processor 112 c, 112 d, 112 e (e.g., a computing device that executes instructions), and non-transitory memory 114 c, 114 d, 114 e and a display 116 c, 116 d, 116 e (e.g., touch display or non-touch display in communication with the data processor 112 c, 112 d, 112 e.

The meter manufacturer provider 190 may include may include a data processor 192 in communication with non-transitory memory 194. The data processor 192 may execute a proprietary download program 196 for downloading blood glucose BG data from the memory 114 c of the patient's glucometer 124. In some implementations, the proprietary download program 196 is implemented on the health care provider's 140 computing device 142 or the patient's 10 device 110 a for downloading the BG data from memory 114 c. In some examples, the download program 196 exports a BG data file for storage in the non-transitory memory 24, 114, 144. The data processor 192 may further execute a web-based application 198 for receiving and formatting BG data transmitted from one or more of the patient's devices 110 a, 110 b, 124, 123 a, 123 b and storing the BG data in non-transitory memory 24, 114, 144.

The service provider 130 may include a data processor 132 in communication with non-transitory memory 134. The service provider 130 provides the patient 10 with a program 200 (see FIG. 2 ) (e.g., a mobile application, a web-site application, or a downloadable program that includes a set of instructions) executable on a processor 112, 132, 142 of the dosing controller 160 and accessible through the network 20 via the patient device 110, health care provider electronic medical record systems 140, portable blood glucose measurement devices 124 (e.g., glucose meter or glucometer), or portable administration devices 123 a, 123 b.

In some implementations, a health care provider medical record system 140 is located at a doctor's office, clinic 42, or a facility administered by a hospital (such as a hospital call center (HCP)) and includes a data processor 142, a non-transitory memory 144, and a display 146 (e.g., touch display or non-touch display). The non-transitory memory 144 and the display 146 are in communication with the data processor 142. In some examples, the health care provider electronic medical system 140 includes a keyboard 148 in communication with the data processor 142 to allow a user 40 to input data, such as patient information 208 a (FIGS. 2A and 2B). The non-transitory memory 144 maintains patient records capable of being retrieved, viewed, and, in some examples, modified and updated by authorized hospital personal on the display 146.

The dosing controller 160 is in communication with the glucometer 124, insulin administration device 123 a, 123 b and includes a computing device 112, 132, 142 and non-transitory memory 114, 134, 144 in communication with the computing device 112, 132, 142. The dosing controller 160 executes the program 200. The dosing controller 160 stores patient related information retrieved from the glucometer 124 to determine insulin doses and dosing parameters based on the received blood glucose measurement BG.

Referring to FIG. 1C, in some implementations, the insulin device 123 (e.g., administration device), in communication with the dosing controller 160, capable of executing instructions for administering insulin according to a subcutaneous insulin treatment program selected by the dosing controller 160. The administration device 123 may include the insulin pump 123 a or the pen 123 b. The administration device 123 is in communication with the glucometer 124 and includes a computing device 112 d, 112 e and non-transitory memory 114 d, 114 e in communication with the computing device 112 d, 112 e. The administration device 123 includes a doser 223 a, 223 b in communication with the administration computing device 112 d, 112 e for administering insulin to the patient. For instance, the doser 223 a of the insulin pump 123 a includes an infusion set including a tube in fluid communication with an insulin reservoir and a cannula inserted into the patient's 10 body and secured via an adhesive patch. The doser 223 b of the pen 123 b includes a needle for insertion into the patients 10 for administering insulin from an insulin cartridge. The administration device 123 may receive a subcutaneous insulin treatment program selected by and transmitted from the dosing controller 160, while the administration computing device 112 d, 112 e may execute the subcutaneous insulin treatment program. Executing the subcutaneous insulin treatment program by the administration computing device 112 d, 112 e causes the doser 223 a, 223 b to administer doses of insulin specified by the subcutaneous insulin treatment program. For instance, units for the doses of insulin may be automatically set or dialed in by the administration device 123 a, 123 b and administered via the doser 223 a, 223 b to the patient 10. Accordingly, the administration devices 123 a, 123 b may be “smart” administration devices capable of communicating with the dosing controller 160 to populate recommended doses of insulin for administering to the patient 10. In some examples, the administration devices 123 a, 123 b may execute the dosing controller 160 on the administration computing devices 112 d, 112 e to calculate the recommended doses of insulin for administering to the patient 10.

The network 20 may include any type of network that allows sending and receiving communication signals, such as a wireless telecommunication network, a cellular telephone network, a time division multiple access (TDMA) network, a code division multiple access (CDMA) network, Global system for mobile communications (GSM), a third generation (3G) network, fourth generation (4G) network, a satellite communications network, and other communication networks. The network 20 may include one or more of a Wide Area Network (WAN), a Local Area Network (LAN), and a Personal Area Network (PAN). In some examples, the network 20 includes a combination of data networks, telecommunication networks, and a combination of data and telecommunication networks. The patient device 110, the service provider 130, and the hospital electronic medical record system 140 communicate with each other by sending and receiving signals (wired or wireless) via the network 20. In some examples, the network 20 provides access to cloud computing resources, which may be elastic/on-demand computing and/or storage resources 24 available over the network 20. The term ‘cloud’ services generally refers to a service performed not locally on a user's device, but rather delivered from one or more remote devices accessible via one or more networks 20.

Referring to FIGS. 1B and 2A-2F, the program 200 receives parameters (e.g., patient condition parameters) inputted via the client device 110, the service provider 130, and/or the clinic system 140, analyzes the inputted parameters, and determines a personalized dose of insulin to bring and maintain a patient's blood glucose level BG into a preferred target range BG_(TR) for a SubQ outpatient program 200 (FIG. 2A).

In some implementations, before the program 200 begins to receive the parameters, the program 200 may receive a username and a password (e.g., at a login screen displayed on the display 116, 146) to verify that a qualified and trained healthcare professional 40 is initiating the program 200 and entering the correct information that the program 200 needs to accurately administer insulin to the patient 10. The system 100 may customize the login screen to allow a user 40 to reset their password and/or username. Moreover, the system 100 may provide a logout button (not shown) that allows the user 40 to log out of the system 100. The logout button may be displayed on the display 116, 146 at any time during the execution of the program 200.

The decision support system 100 may include an alarm system 120 that alerts a user 40 at the clinic 42 (or hospital call center) when the patient's blood glucose level BG is outside the target range BG_(TR). The alarm system 120 may produce an audible sound via speaker 122 in the form of a beep or some like audio sounding mechanism. For instance, the alarm system 120 may produce an audible sound via a speaker 122 of the mobile device 110 b In some examples, the alarm system 120 displays a warning message or other type of indication on the display 116 a-e of the patient device 110 to provide a warning message. The alarm system 120 may also send the audible and/or visual notification via the network 20 to the clinic system 140 (or any other remote station) for display on the display 146 of the clinic system 140 or played through speakers 152 of the clinic system 140.

For commencing a SubQ outpatient process 1800 (FIGS. 5A and 5B), the program 200 prompts a user 40 to input patient information 208 a at block 208. The user 40 may input the patient information 208 a, for example, via the user device 140 or via the health care provider medical record systems 140 located at a clinic 42 (or a doctor's office or HCP). The user 40 may input new patient information 208 a as shown in FIG. 2B. The program 200 may retrieve the patient information 208 a from the non-transitory memory 144 of the clinic's electronic medical system 140 or the non-transitory memory 114 of the patient device 110 (e.g., where the patient information 208 a was previously entered and stored). The patient information 208 a may include, but is not limited to, a patient's name, a patient's identification number (ID), a patient's height, weight, date of birth, diabetes history, physician name, emergency contact, hospital unit, diagnosis, gender, room number, and any other relevant information.

Referring to FIGS. 2A and 2C-2F, the program 200 at block 216 further requests the user 40 to enter SubQ information 216 a for the patient 10, such as patient diabetes status, subcutaneous Orderset Type ordered for the patient 10 (e.g., “Fixed Carbs/meal” that is intended for patients on a consistent carbohydrate diet, total daily dosage (TDD), bolus insulin type (e.g., Novolog), basil insulin type (e.g., Lantus) and frequency of distribution (e.g., 1 dose per day, 2 doses per day, 3 doses per day, etc.), basil time, basal percentage of TDD, meal bolus percentage of TDD, daily meal bolus distribution (e.g., breakfast bolus, lunch bolus and dinner bolus), or any other relevant information. In some implementations, TDD is calculated following a period on Intravenous Insulin in accordance with equation:

TDD=QuickTransitionConstant*M _(Trans)  (4A)

where QuickTransitionConstant is usually equal to 1000, and M_(Trans) is the patient's multiplier at the time of initiation of the SubQ transition process. In other implementations, the TDD is calculated by a statistical correlation of TDD as a function of body weight. The following equation is the correlation used:

TDD=0.5*Weight (kg)  (4B)

In other implementations, the patient's total daily dose TDD is calculated in accordance with the following equation:

TDD=(BG_(Target) −K)*(M _(Trans))*24  (4C)

where M_(Trans) is the patient's multiplier at the time of initiation of the SubQ transition process.

In some implementations, the patient SubQ information 216 a is prepopulated with default parameters, which may be adjusted or modified. In some examples, portions of the patient SubQ information 216 are prepopulated with previously entered patient subcutaneous information 216 a. The program 200 may prompt the request to the user 40 to enter the SubQ information 216 a on the display 116 of the patient device 110. In some implementations, the subcutaneous insulin process 1800 prompts the request on the display 116 for a custom start of new SubQ patients (FIG. 2C) being treated with the SubQ outpatient process 1800. In some examples, the program 200 prompts the request on the display 116 for a weight-based start of SubQ patients being treated with the SubQ outpatient process 1800 as shown in FIG. 2D. For instance, the user 40 may input the weight (e.g., 108 kg) of the patient 10, and in some examples, the TDD is calculated using EQ. 4B based on the patient's weight. As shown in FIG. 2E, the user 40 may further enter a schedule for when blood glucose BG measurements are required 430 (e.g., Next BG Due: Lunch) for the patient 10 and whether or not an alarm 434 is to be activated. For instance, if a BG measurement is below a threshold value, or if the patient has not submitted a BG measurement during Lunch, the alarm system 120 may generate a warning sound via speakers 122 to alert the patient 10 that a BG measurement is required. The alarm may sound on one or more of the patient's portable devices 110 a, 110 b, 124, 123 a, 123 b. As shown in FIG. 2F, the patient 10 may enter a number of carbohydrates for the upcoming meal (e.g., 60) such that adjustment of Meal Boluses with carbohydrate counting can be calculated by EQ. 1 based upon the Carbohydrate-to-Insulin Ratio (CIR). In some implementations, the CIR is associated with the BGtype or Bucket, and adjusted on a daily basis by process 2500 (FIG. 10 ). In other implementations, the CIR is adjusted at each meal, based on the CIR used at the immediately preceding meal bolus and the BG measurement occurring after that meal bolus by process 2600 (FIG. 13 ).

The program 200 flows to block 216, where the user 40 enters patient subcutaneous information 216 a, such as bolus insulin type, target range, basal insulin type and frequency of distribution (e.g., 1 dose per day, 2 doses per day, 3 doses per day, etc.), patient diabetes status, subcutaneous type ordered for the patient (e.g., Basal/Bolus and correction that is intended for patients on a consistent carbohydrate diet, frequency of patient blood glucose measurements, or any other relevant information. In some implementations, the patient subcutaneous information 216 a is prepopulated with default parameters, which may be adjusted or modified. When the user 40 enters the patient subcutaneous information 216 a, the user selects the program 200 to execute the SubQ outpatient process 1800 at block 226.

In some implementations, the user 40 selects to initiate a subcutaneous outpatient program 200 (FIG. 2A) executing on the dosing controller 160 to provide recommended insulin dosing (bolus/basal) for a patient 10 equipped with one or more portable devices 110 a, 110 b, 124, 123 a, 123 b. The user 40 may configure the subcutaneous outpatient program 200 by selecting the portable devices used by the patient 10. Selection of block 124 indicates information for the patient's glucometer 124, including communication capabilities with other devices and/or the network 20. Selection of block 123 b indicates that the patient 10 uses an insulin pen 123 b for administering insulin. Information for the pen 123 b may be provided that includes communication capabilities with other devices and/or the network 20. In some examples, the pen 123 b is a “smart” that may include an administration computing device 112 e in communication with the dosing controller 160 for administering insulin to the patient 10. Selection of block 123 a indicates that the patient 10 uses an insulin pump 123 a for administering insulin. Information for the pump 123 a may be provided that includes communication capabilities with other devices and/or the network 20. In some examples, the pen 123 b is a “smart” pen that may include the administration computing device 112 d in communication with the dosing controller 160 for administering insulin to the patient 10. Selection of block 110 b indicates information for the patient's 10 smartphone 110 b or tablet, including communication capabilities with the glucometer 124 and/or the insulin administration devices 123 a,123 b, For instance, the smartphone 110 b may communicate with the glucometer 124 via Bluetooth or other connection to download BG data from the memory 114 c of the glucometer, and transmit the downloaded BG data through the network 20. In other examples, the smartphone 110 b may receive recommended insulin doses over the network 20 from the dosing controller 160 and provide the recommended insulin doses to the glucometer 124 and/or insulin administration device 123 a, 123 b.

In some implementations, some functions or processes are used within the SubQ outpatient program 200 (FIG. 2 ) and SubQ outpatient process 1800 (FIGS. 5A and 5B) such as determining the general and pre-meal correction (FIG. 3 ), determining the adjustment factor AF (FIG. 4 ), and hypoglycemia treatment.

Referring to FIG. 3 , correction boluses CB are used in the SubQ outpatient program 200 (FIG. 2 ) and process 1800 (FIG. 5A) (FIG. 5B); because of this, correction boluses CB may be incorporated into a function having variables such as the blood glucose measurement BG of a patient 10, a patient's personalized target blood glucose BG_(Target), and a correction factor CF. Thus, correction boluses CB are described as a function of the blood glucose measurement BG, the target blood glucose BG_(Target), and the correction factor CF (see EQ. 7 below). The process 700 calculates the correction bolus CB immediately after a blood glucose value BG of a patient 10 is measured. Once a calculation of the correction bolus CB is completed, the patient 10 administers the correction bolus CB to the patient 10, right after the blood glucose value BG is measured and used to calculate the correction bolus CB.

In some examples, the process 700 may determine the total daily dose TDD of insulin once per day, for example, every night at midnight or at the next opening of the given patient's record after midnight. Other times may also be available. In addition, the total daily dose TDD may be calculated more frequently during the day, in some examples, the total daily dose TDD is calculated more frequently and considers the total daily dose TDD within the past 24 hours. The process 700 provides a timer 702, such as a countdown timer 702, where the timer 702 determines the time the process 700 executes. The timer 702 may be a count up timer or any other kind of timer. When the timer 702 reaches its expiration or reaches a certain time (e.g., zero for a countdown timer 702), the timer 702 executes the process 700. The counter 702 is used to determine at what time the process 700, at block 704, calculates the total daily dose TDD. If the counter is set to 24 hours for example, then decision block 704 checks if the time has reached 24 hours, and when it does, then the process 700 calculates the total daily dose TDD of insulin. Block 706 may receive insulin dosing data from a merged database 1906 (FIG. 6A) within the non-transitory memory 24, 114, 144 via Entry Point T. The correction bolus process 700 determines a total daily dose of insulin TDD, based on the following equation:

TDD=Sum over previous day (all basal+all meal boluses+all correction boluses)  (5A)

For some configurations, the TDD is calculated as the sum of the latest recommended insulin doses:

Alternate TDD=Sum of (latest recommended basal+latest recommended Breakfast Bolus+Latest Recommended Lunch Bolus+Latest Recommended Dinner Bolus)  (5B)

After the process 700 determines the total daily dose TDD of insulin at block 706, the process 700 determines a Correction Factor CF immediately thereafter at block 710, using the calculated total daily dose TDD from block 706 and EQ. 5. The correction factor CF is determined using the following equation:

CF=CFR/TDD  (6)

where CFR is a configurable constant stored in the non-transitory memory 24, 114, 144 of the system and can be changed from the setup screen (FIG. 2D). At block 708, the process 700 retrieves the configurable constant CFR value from the non-transitory memory 24, 114, 144 to calculate the correction factor CF at block 710. The configurable constant CFR is determined from a published statistical correlation and is configurable by the hospital, nurses and doctors. The flexibility of modifying the correction constant CF, gives the system 100 flexibility when a new published configurable constant CFR is more accurate than the one being used. In some examples, the configurable constant CFR is a configurable constant set to 1700, other values may also be available. In some examples, the total daily dose TDD and CF are determined once per day (e.g., at or soon after midnight).

Once the correction factor CF is determined in EQ. 6, the process 700 determines the correction bolus insulin dose at block 714 using the following equation:

CB=(BG−BG_(Target))/CF)  (7)

where BG is the blood glucose measurement of a patient 10 retrieved at block 712, BG_(Target) is the patient's personalized Target blood glucose, and CF is the correction factor. The process 700 returns the correction bolus CB at block 716. Rapid-acting analog insulin is currently used for Correction Boluses because it responds quickly to a high blood glucose BG. Also rapid acting analog insulin is currently used for meal boluses; it is usually taken just before or with a meal (injected or delivered via a pump). Rapid-acting analog insulin acts very quickly to minimize the rise of patient's blood sugar which follows eating.

A Correction Bolus CB is calculated for a blood glucose value BG at any time during the program 200. Pre-meal Correction Boluses CB, are calculated using EQ. 7. In the Pre-meal Correction Bolus equation (7) there is no need to account for Remaining Insulin I_(Rem) because sufficient time has passed for almost all of the previous meal bolus to be depleted. However, post-prandial correction boluses (after-meal correction boluses) are employed much sooner after the recent meal bolus and use different calculations that account for remaining insulin I_(Rem) that remains in the patient's body after a recent meal bolus. Rapid-acting analog insulin is generally removed by a body's natural mechanisms at a rate proportional to the insulin remaining I_(Rem) in the patient's body, causing the remaining insulin I_(Rem) in the patient's body to exhibit a negative exponential time-curve. Manufacturers provide data as to the lifetime of their insulin formulations. The data usually includes a half-life or mean lifetime of the rapid-acting analog insulin. The half-life of the rapid-acting analog insulin may be converted to mean lifetime by the conversion formula:

mean lifetime=Half-life*ln(2)  (8A)

where ln(2) is the natural logarithm {base e} of two.

In some implementations, the process 700 accounts for post-prandial correction boluses by determining if there is any remaining insulin I_(Rem) in the patient's body to exhibit a negative exponential time-curve. At block 718, process 700 initializes a loop for determining I_(Rem) by setting I_(Rem) equal to zero, and retrieves a next earlier insulin dose (Dprev) and the associated data-time (T_(Dose)) at block 720.

The brand of insulin being used is associated with two half-life parameters: the half-life of the insulin activity (HLact) and the half-life of the process of diffusion of the insulin from the injection site into the blood (HLinj). Since the manufacturers and brands of insulin are few, the program 200 maintains the two half-lives of each insulin brand as configurable constants. These configurable constants can be input by a healthcare provider using an input screen of FIG. 2G. For instance, the display 146 of the healthcare provider computing system 140 can display the input screen 2000 to enable the healthcare provider to input the configurable constants.

For a single previous dose of insulin Dprev, given at a time T_(Dose), the insulin remaining in the patient's body at the current time T_(Current) refers to the Remaining Insulin I_(Rem). The derivation of the equation for I_(Rem) involves a time-dependent two-compartment model of insulin: The insulin in the injection site Iinj(t) and the “active” insulin in the blood and cell membrane, Iact(t). The differential equation for Iinj(t) is:

dIinj/dt=−(0.693/HLinj)*Iinj(t).  (8B)

The differential equation for Iact(t) is:

dlact(t)/dt=(0.693/HLinj)*Iinj(t)−(0.693/HLact)*Iact(t)  (8C)

Equations 8B and 8C are simultaneous linear first-order differential equations. The solutions must be added together to represent the total insulin remaining, I_(Rem). The final result can be written as a time-dependent factor that can be multiplied by the initial dose Dprev to obtain the time-dependent total remaining insulin IRem.

Process 700 determines, at block 724, I_(Rem) by multiplying the previous single dose of insulin Dprev {e.g. a Meal Bolus, Correction Bolus, or combined bolus} times a time-dependent factor as follows:

I_(Rem)(single dose)=Dprev*EXP(−(T_(Current)−T_(Dose))*0.693/HILinj)+D0*0.693/HLinj/(0.693/HLact−0.693/HLinj)+Dprev*(EXP(−(T_(Current)−T_(Dose))*0.693/HLinj)−EXP(−(T_(Current)−T_(Dose))*0.693/HLact))  (9A)

The Remaining Insulin I_(Rem) may account for multiple previous doses occurring in a time window looking backwards within a lifetime of the insulin being used. For example, I_(Rem) may be associated with a configurable constant within the range of 4 to 7 hours that represents the lifetime of rapid analog insulin. For example, I_(Rem) may be determined as follows:

I_(Rem)=sum of [I_(Rem)(single dose) over all doses in the within the lifetime of the insulin being used]  (9B)

Process 700 iteratively determines I_(Rem) in the loop until, at block 722, the difference between the current time T_(Current) and the time at which the bolus was administered T_(Dose) is greater than a time related to the lifetime of the insulin used. Thus, when block 722 is “NO”, process 700 calculates, at block 714, a post meal correction bolus CBpost that deducts the remaining insulin I_(Rem) in the patient's body as follows:

$\begin{matrix} {{CB}_{post} = {\frac{\left( {{BG} - {BG}_{Target}} \right)}{CF} - I_{Rem}}} & (10) \end{matrix}$

In some examples, Post Meal Correction doses CB_(Post) (EQ. 10) are taken into consideration only if they are positive (units of insulin), which means a negative value post meal correction bolus CB_(Post) cannot be used to reduce the meal bolus portion of a new combined bolus.

Referring to FIG. 4 , process 800 describes a function that determines an Adjustment Factor AF based on an input of a Governing Blood GlucoseBGgov. The Adjustment Factor AF is used by the SubQ outpatient process 1800 (FIGS. 5A and 5B) for calculating a next recommended basal dose using a basal adjustment process 2300 (FIG. 8 ), for calculating next recommended meal boluses (e.g., Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner Boluses) using a meal bolus adjustment process 2400 (FIG. 9 ), and for calculating a next recommended Carbohydrate-Insulin-Ratio (CIR) using CIR adjustment process 2500 (FIG. 10 ). An insulin adjustment process 2300, 2400, applied to Basal doses and Meal Boluses, determines an adjusted Recommended Basal dose RecBasal, or a Recommended Meal Bolus RecMealBol, by applying a unit-less Adjustment Factor AF to the preceding recommendation of the same dose, RecBasal_(prev), or RecMealBol_(prev). All dose adjustments are governed by a Governing Blood Glucose value BG_(gov). The Governing Blood Glucose values BG_(gov) in the process are selected based on the criteria of preceding the previous occurrence of the dose to be adjusted by a sufficient amount of time for the effect (or lack of effect) of the insulin to be observable and measurable in the value of the BG_(gov).

At block 802, the adjustment factor process 800 receives the Governing Glucose value BG_(gov) from non-transitory memory 24, 114, 144, since the adjustment factor AF is determined using the Governing Glucose value BG_(gov). To determine the adjustment factor AF, the adjustment factor process 800 considers the blood glucose target range BG_(TR) (within which Basal doses and Meal Boluses, are not changed), which is defined by a lower limit, i.e., a low target BG_(TRL) and an upper limit, i.e., a high target BG_(TRH). As previously discussed, the target range BG_(TR) is determined by a doctor 40 and entered manually (e.g., using the patient device 110 or the medical record system 140, via, for example, a drop down menu list displayed on the display 116, 146). Each target range BG_(TR) is associated with a set of configurable constants including a first constant BG_(AFL), a second constant BG_(AFH1), and a third constant BG_(AFH2) shown in the below table.

TABLE 1 Target Range Settings Input Ranges BG_(AFL) BG_(TRL) BG_(TRH) BG_(AFH1) BG_(AFH2)  70-100 70 70 100 140 180  80-120 80 80 120 160 200 100-140 70 100 140 180 220 120-160 90 120 160 200 240 140-180 110 140 180 220 260

The adjustment factor process 800 determines, at block 804, if the Governing Glucose value BG_(gov) is less than or equal to the first constant BG_(AFL) (BG_(gov)<=BG_(AFL)), if so then at block 806, the adjustment factor process 800 assigns the adjustment factor AF to a first pre-configured adjustment factor AF1 shown in Table 2.

If, at block 804, the Governing Glucose value BG_(gov) is not less than the first constant BG_(AFL), (i.e., BG_(gov)≥BG_(AFL)), then at block 808, the adjustment factor process 800 determines if the Governing Glucose value BG_(gov) is greater than or equal to the first constant BG_(AFL) and less than the low target BG_(TRL) of the target range BG_(TR) (BG_(AFL)≤BG_(gov)<BG_(TRL)). If so, then the adjustment factor process 800 assigns the adjustment factor AF to a second pre-configured adjustment factor AF2, at block 810. If not, then at block 812, the adjustment factor process 800 determines if the Governing Glucose value BG_(gov) is greater than or equal to the low target BG_(TRL) of the target range BG_(TR) and less than the high target level BG_(TRH) of the target range BG_(TR) (BG_(TRL)≤BG_(gov)<BG_(TRH)). If so, then the adjustment factor process 800 assigns the adjustment factor AF to a third pre-configured adjustment factor AF3, at block 814. If not, then at block 816, the adjustment factor process 800 determines if the Governing Glucose value BG_(gov) is greater than or equal to the high target level BG_(TRH) of the target range BG_(TR) and less than the second constant BG_(AFH1) (BG_(TRH)≤BG_(gov)<BG_(AFH1)). If so, then the adjustment factor process 800 assigns the adjustment factor AF to a fourth pre-configured adjustment factor AF4, at block 818. If not, then at block 820, the adjustment process 800 determines if the Governing Glucose value BG_(gov) is greater than or equal to the second constant BG_(AFH1) and less than the third constant BG_(AFH2) (BG_(AFH1)≤BG_(gov)<BG_(AFH2)). If so, then the adjustment factor process 800 assigns the adjustment factor AF to a fifth pre-configured adjustment factor AF5, at block 822. If not, then at block 824, the adjustment process 800 determines that the Governing Glucose value BG_(gov) is greater than or equal to the third constant BG_(AFH2) (BG_(gov)≥BG_(AFH2)); and the adjustment factor process 800 assigns the adjustment factor AF to a sixth pre-configured adjustment factor AF6, at block 826. After assigning a value to AF the adjustment factor process 800 returns the adjustment factor AF to the process requesting the adjustment factor AF at block 828 (e.g., the SubQ outpatient process 1800 (FIG. 5A) (FIG. 5B)).

TABLE 2 Configurable values for Adjustment Factor AF AF1= 0.8 AF2= 0.9 AF3= 1 AF4= 1.1 AF5= 1.2 AF6= 1.3

Referring to FIGS. 2A, 5A, and 5B, if the user 40 initiates a subcutaneous output patient process 1800 through selection of program 200 at block 226, the subcutaneous outpatient process 1800 utilizes the patient information 208 a and the patient SubQ information 216 a input by the user 40 or the patient 10, as shown in FIGS. 2B-2F.

Basal insulin is for the fasting insulin-needs of a patient's body. Therefore, the best indicator of the effectiveness of the basal dose is the value of the blood glucose BG after the patient 10 has fasted for a period of time. Meal Boluses are for the short-term needs of a patient's body following a carbohydrate-containing meal. Therefore, the best indicator of the effectiveness of the Meal Bolus is a blood glucose measurement BG tested about one mean insulin-lifetime iLifeRapid after the Meal Bolus, where the lifetime is for the currently-used insulin type. For rapid-acting analog insulin the lifetime is conveniently similar to the time between meals.

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B show the SubQ outpatient process 1800 a, 1800 b, respectively, for a patient 10 using patient portable devices including the glucometer 124 and the patient device 110 a or smartphone 110 b for communicating with, or optionally executing, the dosing controller 160, based upon selection of blocks 110 b and 124 of program 200 (FIG. 2A) The SubQ outpatient process 1800 may be similarly utilized for portable devices including the insulin pen 123 b and the infusion pump 123 a having “smart” capabilities for communicating with the dosing controller 160.

Referring to FIG. 5A the process 1800 a executes by a blood glucose meter without a built-in correction dose calculator. The SubQ outpatient process 1800 a begins with a patient's 18 manual entry of a blood glucose measurement BG at block 1802. The SubQ outpatient process 1800 a, at block 1804, displays the result of the blood glucose measurement (e.g., 112 mg/dl) and prompts the patient 10 to select a BGtype from a dropdown list 1806. The selection list is provided so that the patient can choose the appropriate BGtype indicating which meal and whether the blood glucose measurement BG is “Before-Meal” or “After-Meal”, and also listing other key blood glucose testing times such as Bedtime and MidSleep (generally about 03:00 AM). The BGtype is associated with a blood glucose time BGtime associated with a time of measuring the blood glucose measurement. In the example shown, the SubQ outpatient process 1800 a allows the patient to select a pre-breakfast blood glucose measurement, a pre-lunch blood glucose measurement, a pre-dinner blood glucose measurement, a bedtime blood glucose measurement, or a midsleep blood glucose measurement.

In some implementations, the glucometer 124 may not be configured to display the BGtype selections as shown at block 1806, and instead, determines if the time at which the blood glucose BG was measured BGtime falls within one of a number of scheduled blood glucose time buckets, that are contiguous so as to cover the entire day with no gaps. Further, the BGtypes are provided with Ideal BG Time Intervals, where each ideal scheduled time is associated with an interval configured with a start time margin (M_(Start)) and an end time margin (M_(End)). Moreover, each interval may be associated with a corresponding BGtype: pre-breakfast blood glucose measurement, a pre-lunch blood glucose measurement, a pre-dinner blood glucose measurement, a bedtime blood glucose measurement, or a midsleep blood glucose measurement

Referring to FIG. 5B, the process 1800 b uses a blood glucose meter having a built-in correction dose calculator. Using a processor of the glucometer 124, the SubQ outpatient process 1800, at block 1810, determines a Correction Dose of insulin for the selected (or determined) BGtype (e.g., pre-breakfast) using the following equation (based on EQ. 2):

CB_(Breakfast)=(BG_(Breakfast)−BG_(Target))/CF  (11)

Additionally or alternatively, the Correction Dose may be determined using the Correction Dose Function of process 700 (FIG. 3 ). For example, when the blood glucose meter does not include a built-in correction dose calculator, process 1800 a (FIG. 5A) may allow a healthcare provider, via the dosing controller 160, to load the Correction Factor (CF) upon the glucometer 124 based upon an immediately preceding BG measurement. In other examples, meters or other devices may use the correction dose formula of process 700 (FIG. 3 ), which may incorporate a deduction for the Remaining Insulin I_(Rem).

The SubQ outpatient process 1800 b (FIG. 5B), at block 1820, displays the Correction Dose for the BGtype determined at block 1810 on a Meter Screen of the glucometer display 116 c. In some implementations, the SubQ outpatient process 1800 a (FIG. 5A) stores blood glucose data BGdata, including the recent correction dose CD, the blood glucose measurement BG, the BGtype, and the BGTIME, in the glucometer's 124 memory 114 c at block 1840, and at a later time, the SubQ outpatient process 1800 uses a batch process, at blocks 1842-1846, for downloading the data from the glucometer 124 to the non-transitory 24, 114, 144 for the dosing controller 160 to retrieve for determining or adjusting recommended insulin doses for the patient 10. In some examples, the glucometer 124 transfers data to the computing device 112 or 142 at block 1842, and a proprietary download program 196 provided by the manufacturer of the glucometer 124 executes on the computing device 112 or 142 to download the data at block 1844. For instance, the patient 12 may connect the glucometer 124 to the computing device 142 when the patient 12 visits a clinic 42 during a regular check-up. The data transfer may be facilitated by connecting the glucometer 124 to the computing device 112 or 142 using Bluetooth, Infrared, near field communication (NFC), USB, or serial cable, depending upon the configuration of the glucometer 124. The SubQ outpatient process 1800 a, at block 1846, exports the data downloaded by the proprietary download program 196 as a formatted data file for storage within the non-transitory 24, 114, 144 for the dosing controller 160 to retrieve when determining or adjusting insulin parameters for the patient 10 at entry point P. For example, the exported data file may be a CVS file or JSON file accessible to the computing devices 132, 142 of the dosing controller 160.

Referring back to block 1806, in some implementations, the SubQ outpatient process 1800 a, 1800 b provides the blood glucose BG data, including the recent correction dose CD, the blood glucose measurement BG, the BGtype, and the BGTIME, in real time to a web-based application 198 of the manufacturer of the glucometer 124 at block 1814, and in turn, the web-based application 198 of the manufacturer via the network 20 may format a data file of the BG data for storage in the non-transitory memory 24, 114, 144 at block 1816. The glucometer 124 may sync the BG data with a mobile device, such as the smart phone 110 b, to wirelessly transmit the BG data to the web-based application 198 at block 1814. The computing devices 132, 142 of the dosing controller 160 may retrieve the exported BD data file for calculating a next recommended insulin dose and a new value for the Correction Factor (CF) for the patient 10 at entry point Q. The next recommended insulin doses for adjusting the basal and the CF may be input to entry point Q using a basal adjustment process 2300 (FIG. 8 ), while recommended insulin doses for meal boluses may be input to entry point Q using a meal bolus adjustment process 2400 (FIG. 9 ). In some examples, the glucometer 124 is configured to connect to the network 20 and transmit the blood glucose data directly to the manufacturer's web-based application 198. In other examples, the glucometer 124 syncs with the smart phone or other mobile device 110 b to connect to the network 20 and transmit the blood glucose data to the manufacturer's web-based application 198. In some examples, the glucometer 124 syncs with the smart insulin pump 123 a or smart insulin pen 123 b to connect to the network 20 and transmit the blood glucose data to the manufacturer's web-based application 198. The smart insulin pump 123 a or smart insulin pen 123 b including administration computing devices 112 d or 112 e configured to communicate the BG data to the dosing controller 160 and execute the SubQ outpatient program 200 transmitted from the dosing controller 160 causing a doser 223 a, 223 b to administer recommended insulin doses specified by the SubQ outpatient program 200.

The SubQ outpatient process 1800 a, 1800 b transmits via the network 20 the next recommended insulin dose and the new value for the CF for the patient 10 calculated at 1816 to the web-based application 198 of the meter manufacturer at block 1818, wherein the web-based application 198 of the meter manufacturer formats the next recommended insulin dose and the new value for the CF for the glucometer 124 to receive via the network 20. In some examples, the web-based application 198 transmits the next recommended dose and the new value for the CF to a mobile device, such as the smart phone 110 b, via the network 20 the mobile device 110 b syncs with the glucometer 124 (and/or smart pen 123 b) to provide the next recommended dose and the new value for the CF to the glucometer 124 (and/or the smart pen 123 b). For instance, the number of insulin units associated with the recommended dose may be automatically measured by the smart pen 123 b or smart pump 123 a. Next, the SubQ outpatient process 1800 displays the next recommended insulin dose for the breakfast meal bolus on a Meter Screen via display 116 c at block 1820.

After the patient self-administers the insulin dose (or the dosing controller 160 executing the SubQ outpatient process 1800 a, 1800 b causes the doser 223 a, 223 b to administer the insulin dose), at block 1824, the process 1800 a, 1800 b determines that the patient 10 has selected a “Dose Entry” to record the administered dose. The SubQ outpatient Process 1800 a, 1800 b then prompts the patient 10 to select the insulin dose type on a Meter Screen via display 116 c at block 1826. The Meter Screen permits the patient to simultaneously select “Correction” and “Meal Bolus” for when the patient 10 has administered a combined dose that the patient 10 would like to record. The selection of “Basal” may not be selected simultaneously with another selection but is operative to cancel out other selections. In response to the patient's 10 selection, the SubQ outpatient process 1800 a, 1800 b, at block 1828, presents an insulin drop down menu of populated insulin doses on a Meter Screen via the display 116 c. Here, the patient 10 may select the number of units of insulin recently administered by the patient 10.

In some implementations, as shown in FIG. 1C, when the patient 10 uses the smart pen 123 b (or smart pump 123 a), the SubQ outpatient process 1800 transmits via the network 20 the next recommended insulin dose and the new value for the CF for the patient 10 calculated at entry point Q directly to the smart pen 123 b, wherein the smart pen 123 b automatically dials in the recommended dose of insulin without manual input by the patient 10 and may display the dose via the smart pen 123 b display 116 e. In other implementations, the smart pen 123 b syncs (e.g., Bluetooth connection) with the glucometer 124 to receive and automatically dial-in the recommended dose of insulin. In some examples, after the patient 10 administers the insulin dose, the smart pen 123 b records the number of units of insulin administered by the patient which may be stored in the non-transitory memory 24,114, 144 via the network 20.

FIG. 6A shows a data flow process 1900 a for storing blood glucose BG data from a patient's mobile device 110 a, 110 b, 124, 123 a, 123 b within the non-transitory memory 24, 134, 144 in communication with the computing device 112, 132, 142 of the dosing controller 160. The BG data may include, but is not limited to, doses of insulin administered to the patient 10, a blood glucose measurement BG, an associated BGtype, and an associated time of the blood glucose measurement BGtime, as described above with reference to block 1806 of the SubQ outpatient process 1800 a, 1800 b. In some implementations, the glucometer 124 syncs with the patient's mobile device 110 a, 110 b, 124, 123 a, 123 b to transfer the BG data at block 1902. In the example shown, the mobile device is the smart phone 110 b. The data flow process 1900 a permits the mobile device 110 b to transmit the BG data for storage in the non-transitory memory 24, 134, 144 by using one of three data transfer paths.

In some implementations, the data flow process 1900 a sends the BG data in real-time via a first data transfer path from the mobile device 110 b at block 1902. The first data transfer path may always be available provided the mobile device 110 b is able to connect to the network 20 or cellular service. In some scenarios, the data flow process 1900 a, at block 1902, sends the BG data in real-time via the first data transfer path from the mobile device 110 b to the computing device 192 of the service provider 130. Thereafter, the data flow process 1900 a transmits the BG data from the first data transfer path, at block 1904, to a merged database within the non-transitory memory 24, 134, 144 at block 1906.

In other implementations, the data flow process 1900 a executes a batch process for downloading the BG data from the memory 114 c of the glucometer 124 at the patient device 110 a or other computing device connecting to the network 20 at block 1908, and then, transmits the BG data from the patient device 110 a via a second data transfer path to a web-based application 198 of the manufacturer of the glucometer 124 at block 1910. In some examples, the batch process downloads all BG data stored on the memory 114 c of the glucometer 124 for a configurable time period. In other examples, the batch process downloads all BG data stored on the memory 114 c of the glucometer 124 since an immediately previous download session. The web-based application 198 may format a data file (e.g., merged database) of the BG data for storage in the non-transitory memory 24, 114, 144 at block 1906.

In other implementations, the data flow process 1900 a executes a batch process for downloading the BG data from the memory 114 c of the glucometer 124 at the health care provider computing device 142 via a third data transfer path at block 1912. For instance, the patient 10 or health care professional 40 may connect the glucometer 124 to the computing device 142 when the patient 10 visits a clinic 42 associated with a hospital call center during a regular check-up. In some examples, the computing device 142 executes a proprietary download program 196 provided by the manufacturer of the glucometer 124 to download the BG data from the memory 114 c of the glucometer 124. The BG data transfer may be facilitated by connecting the glucometer 124 to the computing device 142 using Bluetooth, Infrared, near field communication (NFC), USB, or serial cable, depending upon the configuration of the glucometer 124. In some examples, the BG data downloaded at block 1912 may be displayed via display 146 for the health care professional to view. The data flow process 1900 a receives a user 40 input to load the downloaded BG data (e.g., via a button on display 146), and exports the BG data downloaded by the proprietary download program 196 as a formatted BG data file for storage within the non-transitory 24, 114, 144 at block 1916. For example, the exported BG data file may be a CVS file or JSON file. In some examples, the batch process downloads all BG data stored on the memory 114 c of the glucometer 124 for a configurable time period. In other examples, the batch process downloads all BG data stored on the memory 114 c of the glucometer 124 since an immediately previous download session during a previous clinic visit by the patient 10.

In some examples, the non-transitory memory 24, 114, 144 includes a database for storing the BG data of the patient 10 received from any one of the first, second, or third data transfer paths. The database may store the BG data in a designated file associated with the patient 10 and identifiable with a patient identifier associated with the patient 10. The BG data within the database of the non-transitory memory 24, 114, 144 may be retrieved by the dosing controller 160 for determining or adjusting doses of insulin for the patient 10 to administer. Block 1906 may send the data within the merged database to Entry point T for routing to other processes, including a Time Limits of Data for Adjustment process (FIG. 6B).

Moreover, block 1906 may provide the data within the merged database to the patient's mobile device 110 a, 110 b, 124, 123 a, 123 b at block 1902. For instance, block 1922 may determine if the mobile device includes a self-sufficient application capable of sharing the merged database. If block 1922 is a “YES” indicating that the mobile device includes the self-sufficient application, block 1920 provides the merged database to block 1924 for sharing with the mobile device. Thereafter, block 1924 may provide an adjusted basal dose (from process 2300 of FIG. 8 ), an adjusted meal dose (from process 2400 of FIG. 9 ), a correction factor, and/or a carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio CIR (from process 2500 of FIG. 10 ) over the network 20 directly to the mobile device via Entry Point W at block 1926, or through the web-based application for the mobile device via Entry Point Q at block 1928. If block 1922 is a “NO” indicating that the mobile device does not include a self-sufficient application, block 1924 may provide existing basal doses, meal doses, the correction factor, and/or the carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio over the network 20 to the mobile device at block 1902 via one of block 1926 or block 1928.

Referring to FIG. 6B, in some implementations, the Limits on Age of Data for Adjustment process 1900 b receives the data of Entry Point T from the data flow process 1900 a of FIG. 6A. Additionally, process 1900 b receives, at block 1950, the configurable constants input at the Healthcare Facility Input Screen 2000 of FIG. 2G, including the constant MaxDays which sets a limit on the amount of data used based on the reasoning that a patient's health can change substantially over several months. The currently configured number for MaxDays is 28 days. Block 1952 shows the oldest allowable date/time (DateTimeOldLim) is midnight (00:00) on the day given by the current date less (minus) the MaxDays. The process 1900 b determines, at block 1954, the date/time of the last adjustment (LastAdjustDateTime) from the patient's history from Entry Point T. Thereafter, at block 1956, the process 1900 b determines the beginning date/time for the current adjustment (DataStartDateTime) as the most recent date/time between the DateTimeOldLim (block 1952) or the LastAdjustDateTime (block 1954). The process 1900 b may then provide the DataStartDateTime to block 1958 for routing to a Flag Corrector process 1900 c (FIG. 6C) and to a Modal Day Scatter Chart upon the display 146 (FIGS. 12A and 12B).

Blood glucose measurements may be aggregated or flagged according to their associated blood glucose type BGtype or blood glucose time BG time interval to determine a mean or median blood glucose value (EQ. 3) for each BGtype that may be used to determine or adjust recommended doses of insulin (e.g., bolus and/or basal). Referring to FIG. 6C, the Flag Corrector process 1900 c receives, at block 1960, the BG data from the process 1900 b (FIG. 6B). The glucometer 124 may include a selectable button to flag the BG measurements with a given BGtype (e.g., pre-Breakfast, pre-Lunch, Bedtime, etc), as shown at the meter screen at block 1804 of FIGS. 5A and 5B (e.g., glucometer display 116 d (FIG. 1 )). In some scenarios, patients may infrequently flag BG measurements or may flag the BG measurements incorrectly. In these scenarios, the process 1900 c executes a loop to examine all the BG measurements within a specified date range. Prior to executing the loop, the process 1900 c, at block 1962, initializes variables for the loop to examine all the blood glucose BG measurements in a date range. The initialized variables may be re-usable dummy variables. Thereafter, the loop starts at block 1964 by retrieving each BG measurement moving backward in time. Block 1966 determines whether the date/time of the analyzed BG measurement is later than the DataStartDateTime. If block 1966 determines that the date/time of the BG measurement is not later than the DataStartDateTime (e.g., block 1966 is “NO”), then the loop stops at block 1967. Here, all the BG measurements in the date-range have now been checked and incorrect flags have been corrected; however, the last BG measurement checked/analyzed was not in the date-range and is therefore excluded from routing to Entry Point V. The process 1900 c routes the corrected data through entry point V, whereby the analyzed BG measurements are selected and provided to either the Typical Non-Meal Bucket process 2200 a (FIG. 7A) or the Typical Meal Bucket process 2200 b (FIG. 7D). If, on the other hand, block 1966 determines that the date/time of the BG measurement is not later than the DataStartDateTime (e.g., block 1966 is “YES”), then the analyzed BG measurement is checked at block 1968 to determine whether the BG measurement is outside of the bucket for which it is flagged. For instance, if the time of a BG measurement is outside of a bucket indicated by an associated flag by more than a configurable margin (FlagMargin), then the loop changes the flag to reflect the BGtype indicated by the actual time of the BG measurement. The process 1900 c then reverts back to block 1964 and retrieves the next earlier BG measurement in time. The process 1900 c ends executing the loop when block 1970 determines a BG is found earlier than the DataStartDateTime, and all the data in the acceptable date-range is provided to Entry Point V for routing to a BG aggregation process 2200 (FIGS. 7A-7F).

If the time of a BG is outside of the bucket indicated by its flag by more than a configurable margin (FlagMargin) then the flag is changed to reflect the BGtype indicated by the actual time of the BG. The loop uses some dummy variables that are re-used, so they are initialized at the start at 2904. The start of the loop at 2906 starts at the present and retrieves each BG moving backward in time. If the date/time of the BG being checked at 2908 is earlier than the DataStartDateTime, then the loop is stopped, if not then the time of the BG is checked at 2912 to see if it is outside the bucket for which it is flagged. If so then the flag is changed at 2914 to indicate the bucket actually inhabited by the BG. The loop ends when a BG is found earlier that the DataStarteDateTime, and all the data in the acceptable date-time range are sent to Entry Point V for use by the BG aggregation processes 2200 a, 2200 b.

FIGS. 7A-7F show the blood glucose BG aggregation process 2200 for aggregating blood glucose BG measurements for a patient 10 according to the times at which the blood glucose measurements are measured. The aggregation process 2200 a, 2200 of FIGS. 7A-7C aggregates BG measurements that are not associated with times when the patient 10 is not consuming meals, while the aggregation process 2200, 2200 b of FIGS. 7D-7F aggregates BG measurements associated with times when the patient 10 is consuming meals.

In some examples, the BG measurements are transmitted from the patient's 10 portable device 110 a, 110 b, 124, 123 a, 123 b and stored within the non-transitory memory 24, 134, 144. For instance, the BG measurements obtained by the glucometer 124 may be communicated and stored within the non-transitory memory 24, 134, 144 by using the data flow process 1900 a, as described above with reference to FIG. 6A. In some implementations, the BG aggregation process 2200 divides a day into five time intervals corresponding to the five BG types: Midsleep, Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner, and Bedtime. As used herein, the term “time buckets” is used to refer to these time intervals corresponding to the five BG types. The Modal Day Scatter Chart 502 of FIG. 12B shows the time buckets as intervals between the dotted lines. Each bucket is associated with a corresponding time boundary that does not overlap the other time boundaries associated with the other buckets.

Referring to FIG. 2H, in some examples, a BG Time-Bucket input screen permits the user 40 (or patient 10) to adjust the time-boundary associated with each time bucket via the display 116, 146. The BG Time-Bucket input screen displays the patient information 208 a and allows the user 40 to input BG Time-Bucket Information 260 and Ideal Mealtime information 262. For instance, the BG Time-Bucket Information 260 includes a bucket name (e.g., MidSleep, Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner, Bedtime) and associated start and end times for each BG time-bucket. Based upon the BG Time-Bucket Information 260 and the Ideal Mealtime information 262 input to the BG Time-Bucket input screen (FIG. 2H), the BG aggregation process 2200 a (FIGS. 7A-7C) may associate the BG time-buckets for MidSleep and Bedtime with time intervals when the patient 10 does not consume meals and the BG aggregation process 2200 b (FIGS. 7D-7F) may associate the BG time-buckets for Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner with time intervals when the patient 10 consumes meals.

Referring back to FIG. 12B, the Modal Day Scatter Chart 502 applies a DayBucket to an interval of time within a time-bucket on a specific day. Thus, each time-bucket may include one or more DayBuckets. The user 40 may select an Aggregation Method (AgMeth) for use within each of the DayBuckets from an Aggregation Menu 510 upon the Modal Day Scatter Chart via the display 146. For example, the user 40 may select an AgMeth from the Aggregation Menu 510 that includes one of Minimum Earliest, Mean, or Median for the BG measurements in the associated DayBucket. Accordingly, the AgMeth selected by the user results in a single value representing the BG measurements associated with the DayBucket. The BG measurements aggregated by the AgMeth may belong to a union of 1 or more subsets denoted by the symbol “U”. These values are further aggregated for each BG Bucket over the days in the updated data. The Modal Day Scatter Chart 502 of FIG. 12B shows the aggregation methods available for this aggregation are mean and median and are governed by the variable (MMtype).

Referring to FIG. 7A, the BG aggregation process 2200 a aggregates the BG measurements of the BG time-buckets (e.g., MidSleep and Bedtime) for time intervals when the patient 10 does not consume meals. While FIG. 7A shows the BG aggregation process 2200 a aggregating BG measurements for the Bedtime BG time-bucket, the BG aggregation process 2200 a similarly aggregates BG measurements for the Midsleep BG time-bucket. The aggregation process 2200 a provides the DataStartDataTime (FIG. 6 ) via Entry Point V to block 2202 for determining a NdaysBedtime (or NdaysMidSleep) that counts the number of DayBuckets within the associated bucket (e.g., Bedtime BG time-bucket) from the current date/time backward to an earliest permissible date/time DataStartDateTime. As used herein, the “earliest date” refers to the earliest one of a previous dosing adjustment or the preconfigured MaxDays (FIG. 6B) into the past. The “earliest date” is operative as a safeguard against a patient returning to the healthcare facility after a year, and receiving a subsequent 365 day adjustment. Additionally, the aggregation process 2200 a determines, at block 2202, a NDayBucketsWBG that counts the number of the DayBuckets containing at least one BG measurement.

At block 2204, the aggregation process 2200 a determines a ratio of the DayBuckets containing BG measurements to DayBuckets in the associated bucket (e.g., NDayBucketsWBG/NdaysBedtime) and compares the ratio to a configurable set point (Kndays). The value of Kndays is presently configured at 0.5. If the ratio is less than Kndays, the aggregation process 2200 a prevents, at block 2206, the dosing controller 160 from adjusting the dose governed by the associated time-bucket (e.g., Bedtime BG time-bucket). For example, when the aggregation process 2200 a aggregates BG measurements for the Bedtime BG time-bucket, block 2206 prevents the adjustment of the Dinner meal bolus when the ratio of NDayBucketsWBG/NdaysBedtime is less than Kndays indicating that the Bedtime BG time-bucket does not contain enough BG measurements. Block 2206 provides the determination that prevents adjusting the dose governed by the associated time-bucket to Entry Point S for use by processes 2300, 2400, 2500 of FIGS. 8, 9, and 10 , respectively. On the other hand, if block 2204 determines that the ratio of NDayBucketsWBG/NdaysBedtime is greater than or equal to Kndays, the dosing controller 160 is permitted to adjust the dose governed by the associated time-bucket.

The aggregation process 2200 a of FIG. 7A and the aggregation process 2200 b of FIG. 7B use a system of filters to determine the best aggregate BG value to represent the associated time-bucket. There are two dropdown filter selections (Filter1 512 and Filter2 514) that the user 40 may select from the Modal Day Scatter Chart 502 of FIG. 12B. Each of the dropdown filter selections 512, 514 allow the user 40 to select from the following selections:

-   -   Flags: Uses the flags entered by the patient 10 on the         glucometer 124 at test time and corrected as needed by the Flag         Corrector Process 1900 c (FIG. 6C).     -   Pre-Meal Bolus: Uses BG Measurements within the bucket that         occur earlier than the time of the Meal Bolus (not available for         non-meal buckets).     -   Ideal Meal Time: Shaded areas of the Modal Day Scatter Chart 502         (FIG. 12B) within each associated bucket. Each Ideal Meal Time         having boundaries adjustable using drag-and-drop methods by user         inputs upon the Modal Day Scatter Chart (FIG. 12B) or via inputs         to the Ideal Mealtime information 262 at the BG-time Buckets         Input Screen (FIG. 2H).     -   Both Pre-Meal-bolus OR Ideal Mealtimes: Uses the union of the         sets of BG Measurements associated with both the Pre-Meal Bolus         and the Ideal Meal Time filters.     -   All: Uses all the BG measurements within the associated bucket.     -   None: does not apply a filter.

Referring back to FIG. 7A, the aggregation process 2200 a for the non-meal BG time-buckets (e.g., MidSleep and Bedtime) executes a loop at block 2208 when block 2204 determines that the ratio of NDayBucketsWBG/NdaysBedtime is greater than or equal to Kndays. Specifically, the aggregation process 2200 a examines, at block 2208, all the DayBuckets in the associated time-bucket (e.g., Bedtime BG time-bucket) back to the DataStartDateTime based on the filter selections 512, 514 of the Modal Day Scatter Chart 502 (FIG. 12B) received via block 2230. At block 2210, the aggregation process 2200 a examines whether or not Filter1 512 includes “Flags”. If the Filter1 512 includes “Flags” (e.g., block 2210 is “YES”), the aggregation process 2200 a proceeds to block 2212 for executing subroutine process 2260 a (FIG. 7B). On the other hand, if the Filter1 512 does not include “Flags” (e.g., block 2210 is “NO”), the aggregation process 2200 a proceeds to block 2214 for executing subroutine process 2280 a (FIG. 7C). The two subroutine processes 2260 a, 2280 a aggregate the BG measurements to a single BG value in each associated DayBucket or none if the associated DayBuckets are empty. The outputs determined by the two subroutine processes 2260 a, 2280 a are provided back to the aggregation process 2200 a (FIG. 7A), and at block 2216, the aggregation process 2200 a determines a running sum BGsum of the filtered BG measurements. At block 2218, the loop ends and the aggregation process 2200 a determines, at block 2220, a mean of the filtered BG measurements BGmean as the sum of the filtered BG measurements (BGsum) divided by the number of DayBuckets with at least one BG inside, (NdayBucketsWBG). In other configurations, the BGmean may be determined by other methods.

The parameter MMtype is associated with a “mean or median type” that controls a choice of the aggregation method applied to the results of the DayBucket aggregations, i.e. mean or median. The Modal Day Scatter Chart 502 (FIG. 12B) may include a selector for choosing the MMtype input to block 2222 for routing to block 2224 of the aggregation process 2200 a. At block 2224, the aggregation process 2200 a determines if the NDayBucketsWBG (e.g., the number of filtered BG measurements within the associated time-bucket) is greater than a minimum number of BG measurements required for determining a median value (NLimMedian). If the NDayBucketsWBG is greater than the NLimMedian or if the user 40 manually selects “median” as the MMtype (e.g., block 2224 is “YES”), then the aggregation process 2200 a proceeds to block 2226 for calculating the BGbedtime using the median value of NDayBucketsWBG within the time-bucket associated with the Bedtime BG time-bucket. If, however, the NDayBucketsWBG is equal to or less than the NLimMedian (e.g., block 2224 is “NO”), then the aggregation process 2200 a proceeds to block 2228 for calculating the BGbedtime using the mean value (BGmean) of NDayBucketsWBG within the time-bucket associated with the Bedtime BG time-bucket. Thereafter, the aggregation process 2200 a routes the BGbedtime value (or BGMidsleep value) calculated using the median (block 2226) or the BGmean (block 2228) to Entry Point G for use by processes 2300, 2400, 2500 of FIGS. 8, 9, and 10 , respectively.

Referring to FIG. 7B, the subroutine process 2260 a executes when the aggregation process 2200 a (FIG. 7A) determines that the Filter1 512 includes “Flags” (e.g., block 2210 is “YES”). At block 2262 a, the subroutine process 2260 a provides the determination that Filter1 512 includes “Flags” from block 2212 of the aggregation process (FIG. 7A) to block 2264 a, and block 2264 a determines whether or not a filter2 514 applies a filter for the associated time-bucket (e.g., Bedtime BG time-bucket). If filter2 514 is not applying any filters to the Bedtime BG time-bucket (e.g., block 2264 a is “YES”), then the subroutine process 2260 a sets the BG value in the nth DayBucket, BGbedtimeDB(n) equal to the selected aggregate method AgMeth, at block 2266 a to all BG measurements flagged “bedtime” in the DayBucket. The subroutine process 2260 a routes BGbedtimeDB(n) back to block 2212 of the aggregation process 2200 a (FIG. 7A), where each BG measurement representing a DayBucket “n” BGbedtimeDB(n) within the aggregation process 2200 a loop is added to a running sum at block 2216 in preparation for calculating the mean.

If, however, block 2264 a determines that filter2 514 is applying a filter to the Bedtime BG time-bucket (e.g., block 2264 a is “NO”), then the subroutine process 2260 a determines, at block 2268 a, whether the selected filter applied by filter2 514 includes the “Ideal Mealtimes” filter. If filter 2 514 is applying the “Ideal Mealtimes” filter (e.g., block 2268 a is “YES”), then the subroutine process 2260 a sets the BG value in the nth DayBucket, BGbedtimeDB(n) equal to the selected aggregate method AgMeth applied, at block 2270 a to the union of all BG measurements flagged “bedtime” in the DayBucket together with all non-flagged BG measurements within the Ideal Mealtimes filter. Thereafter, the subroutine process 2260 a routes BGbedtimeDB(n) back to block 2212 of the aggregation process 2200 a (FIG. 7A), whereby each BG measurement representing a BGbedtimeDB(n) within the aggregation process 2200 a loop is added to a running sum at block 2216 in preparation for calculating the mean.

On the other hand, if filter2 514 is not applying the “Ideal Mealtimes” filter (e.g., block 2268 a is “NO”), then the subroutine process 2260 a determines, at block 2272 a, whether the selected filter applied by filter2 514 includes the “All” filter corresponding to the use of all BG measurements within the associated time-bucket (e.g., Bedtime BG time-bucket). When filter2 514 includes the “All” filter (e.g., block 2272 a is “YES”), the subroutine process 2260 a sets the BG value in the nth DayBucket, BGbedtimeDB(n) equal to the selected aggregate method AgMeth appliedat block 2274 a to the union of all BG measurements flagged “bedtime” in the DayBucket together with all non-flagged BG measurements within the entire Bedtime DayBucket. Thereafter, the subroutine process 2260 a routes the BGbedtimeDB(n) back to block 2212 of the aggregation process 2200 a (FIG. 7A), whereby each BG measurement(s) representing the BGbedtimeDB(n) within the aggregation process 2200 a loop is is added to a running sum at block 2216 in preparation for calculating the mean. The value of BGbedtimeDB(n) routed back to Block 2212 of the aggregation process 2200 a from one of blocks 2270 a, 2274 a fills the nth iteration of the loop. If, however, filter2 514 does not include the “All” filter (e.g., block 2272 a is “NO”), then the aggregation process 2200 a proceeds to block 2276 a and posts message: “Check filter settings” upon the display 116, 146.

Referring to FIG. 7C, the subroutine process 2280 a executes when the aggregation process 2200 a (FIG. 7A) determines that the Filter1 512 does not include “Flags” (e.g., block 2210 is “NO”). At block 2282 a, the subroutine process 2280 a provides the determination that Filter1 512 does not include “Flags” from block 2214 of the aggregation process (FIG. 7A) to block 2284 a, and block 2284 a determines whether or not the selected filter applied by filter2 514 includes the “Ideal Mealtimes” filter. If filter2 514 is applying the “Ideal Mealtimes” filter (e.g., block 2284 a is “YES”), then the subroutine process 2280 a sets, at block 2286 a, the BG value in the nth DayBucket, BGbedtimeDB(n) equal to the selected aggregate method AgMeth applied to all non-flagged BG measurements within the time interval filtered by the Ideal Mealtimes. Thereafter, the subroutine process 2280 a routes BGbedtimeDB(n) back to block 2214 of the aggregation process 2200 a (FIG. 7A), where each BG measurement representing BGbedtimeDB(n) within the aggregation process 2200 a loop is added to a running sum at block 2216 in preparation for calculating the mean.

On the other hand, if filter2 514 is not applying the “Ideal Mealtimes” filter (e.g., block 2284 a is “NO”), then the subroutine process 2280 a determines, at block 2288 a, whether the selected filter applied by filter2 514 includes the “All” filter corresponding to the use of all BG measurements within the associated time-bucket (e.g., Bedtime BG time-bucket). If filter2 514 is applying the “All” filter (e.g., block 2288 a is “YES”), then the subroutine process 2280 a sets, at block 2290 a, the BG value in the nth DayBucket, BGbedtimeDB(n) equal to the selected aggregate method AgMeth applied to all non-flagged BG measurements within the “bedtime” DayBucket. Thereafter, the subroutine process 2280 a routes the BGbedtimeDB(n) back to block 2214 of the aggregation process 2200 a (FIG. 7A), where each BG measurement(s) representing BGbedtimeDB(n) within the aggregation process 2200 a loop is added to a running sum at block 2216 in preparation for calculating the mean. The value routed back to Block 2214 of the aggregation process 2200 a from one of blocks 2286 a, 2290 a fills the nth iteration of the loop. If, however, the filter2 514 is not applying the “All” filter (e.g., block 2288 a is “NO”), then at block 2292 a, the subroutine process 2280 a, posts message: “Check filter settings” upon the display 116, 146.

Referring to FIG. 7D, the BG aggregation process 2200 b aggregates the BG measurements of the BG time-buckets (e.g., Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner) for time intervals when the patient 10 consumes meals. While FIG. 7D shows the BG aggregation process 2200 b aggregating BG measurements for the Breakfast time-bucket, the BG aggregation process 2200 a similarly aggregates BG measurements for the Lunch and Dinner BG time-buckets. The aggregation process 2200 b provides the DataStartDataTime (FIG. 6 ) via Entry Point V to block 2232 for determining a NdaysBreakfast (or NdaysLunch or NdaysDinner) that counts the number of DayBuckets within the associated bucket (e.g., Breakfast BG time-bucket) from the current date/time backward to an earliest permissible date/time DataStartDateTime. Additionally, the aggregation process 2200 b determines, at block 2232, an NDayBucketsWBG that counts the number of the DayBuckets containing at least one BG measurement.

At block 2234, the aggregation process 2200 b determines a ratio of the DayBuckets containing BG measurements to DayBuckets in the associated bucket (e.g., NDayBucketsWBG/NdaysBreakfast) and compares the ratio to a configurable set point (Kndays). The value of Kndays is presently configured at 0.5. If the ratio is less than Kndays, the aggregation process 2200 b prevents, at block 2236, the dosing controller 160 from adjusting the dose governed by the associated time-bucket (e.g., Breakfast BG time-bucket). For example, when the aggregation process 2200 b aggregates BG measurements for the Breakfast BG time-bucket, block 2236 prevents the adjustment of the basal dose when the ratio of NDayBucketsWBG/NdaysBreakfast is less than Kndays indicating that the Breakfast BG time-bucket does not contain enough BG measurements. With respect to the Lunch BG time-bucket, block 2236 would prevent the adjustment of the Breakfast meal bolus when the ratio of NDayBucketsWBG/NdaysLunch is less than Kndays. Similarly, when the ratio of NDayBucketsWBG/NdaysDinner is less than Kndays, block 2236 would prevent the adjustment of the Lunch meal bolus. Block 2236 provides the determination that prevents adjusting the dose governed by the associated time-bucket to Entry Point S for use by processes 2300, 2400, 2500 of FIGS. 8, 9, and 10 , respectively. On the other hand, if block 2234 determines that the ratio of NDayBucketsWBG/NdaysBreakfast is greater than or equal to Kndays, the dosing controller 160 is permitted to adjust the dose governed by the associated time-bucket.

The aggregation process 2200 b for the meal BG time-buckets (e.g., Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner) executes a loop at block 2238 when block 2234 determines that the ratio of NDayBucketsWBG/NdaysBreakfast is greater than or equal to Kndays. Specifically, the aggregation process 2200 b examines, at block 2238, all the DayBuckets in the associated time-bucket (e.g., Breakfast BG time-bucket) back to the DataStartDateTime based on the filter selections 512, 514 of the Modal Day Scatter Chart (FIG. 12B) received via block 2259. At block 2240, the aggregation process 2200 b examines whether or not Filter1 512 includes “Flags”. If the Filter1 512 includes “Flags” (e.g., block 2240 is “YES”), the aggregation process 2200 b proceeds to block 2242 for executing subroutine process 2260 b (FIG. 7E). On the other hand, if the Filter1 512 does not include “Flags” (e.g., block 2240 is “NO”), the aggregation process 2200 b proceeds to block 2244 for executing subroutine process 2280 b (FIG. 7F). The two subroutine processes 2260 b, 2280 b aggregate the BG measurements to a single BG value in each associated DayBucket or none if the associated DayBuckets are empty. The outputs determined by the two subroutine processes 2260 b, 2280 b are provided back to the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D), and at block 2246, the aggregation process 2200 b determines a running sum BGsum of the filtered BG measurements. At block 2248, the loop ends and the aggregation process 2200 a determines, at block 2250, a mean of the filtered BG measurements BGmean as the sum of the filtered BG measurements (BGsum) divided by the number of DayBuckets with at least one BG (NdayBucketsWBG). In other configurations, the BGmean may be determined by other methods.

As set forth above in the aggregation process 2200 a (FIG. 7A), the parameter MMtype is associated with a “mean or median type” that controls the choice of the aggregation method applied to the results of the DayBucket aggregations, i.e. mean or median. Here, the selector of the Modal Day Scatter Chart 502 (FIG. 12B) chooses the MMtype input to block 2252 for routing to block 2254 of the aggregation process 2200 b. At block 2254, the aggregation process 2200 b determines if the NDayBucketsWBG (e.g., the number of filtered BG measurements within the associated time-bucket) is greater than a minimum number of BG measurements required for determining a median value (NLimMedian). If the NDayBucketsWBG is greater than the NLimMedian or if the user 40 manually selects “median” as the MMtype (e.g., block 2254 is “YES”), then the aggregation process 2200 b proceeds to block 2256 for calculating the BGBreakfast using the median value of NDayBucketsWBG within the time-bucket associated with the Breakfast BG time-bucket. If, however, the NDayBucketsWBG is equal to or less than the NLimMedian (e.g., block 2254 is “NO”), then the aggregation process 2200 b proceeds to block 2258 for calculating the BGBreakfast using the mean value (BGmean) of NDayBucketsWBG within the time-bucket associated with the Breakfast BG time-bucket. Thereafter, the aggregation process 2200 b routes the BGBreakfast value (or BGLunch or BGDinner values) calculated using the median (block 2256) or the BGmean (block 2258) to Entry Point H for use by processes 2300, 2400, 2500 of FIGS. 8, 9, and 10 , respectively.

Referring to FIG. 7E, the subroutine process 2260 b executes when the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D) determines that the Filter1 512 includes “Flags” (e.g., block 2240 is “YES”). At block 2262 b, the subroutine process 2260 b provides the determination that Filter1 512 includes “Flags” from block 2242 of the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D) to block 2264 b, and block 2264 b determines whether or not a filter2 514 applies a filter for the associated time-bucket (e.g., Breakfast BG time-bucket). If filter2 514 is not applying any filters to the Breakfast BG time-bucket (e.g., block 2264 b is “YES”), then the subroutine process 2260 b at block 2266 b, sets the aggregate value of the BG's in the nth DayBucket of the Breakfast bucket, BGBreakfastDB(n) to the selected aggregate method AgMeth applied to all BG measurements flagged “Breakfast” in the DayBucket. The subroutine process 2260 b routes BGBreakfastDB(n) back to block 2242 of the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D), where each BG measurement representing DayBucket “n”, BGBreakfastDB(n) within the aggregation process 2200 b loop is added at block 2246 to a running sum in preparation for calculating a mean.

If, however, block 2264 b determines that filter2 514 is applying a filter to the Breakfast BG time-bucket (e.g., block 2264 b is “NO”), then the subroutine process 2260 b determines, at block 2268 b, whether the selected filter applied by filter 2 514 includes the Pre-Meal Bolus “PreMealBol” filter. If filter 2 514 is applying the “Pre-Meal Bolus” filter (e.g., block 2268 b is “YES”), then the subroutine process 2260 a at block 2270 b, sets the aggregate value of the BG's in the nth DayBucket of the Breakfast bucket, BGBreakfastDB(n) to the selected aggregate method AgMeth applied to the union of the set of BG measurements flagged “breakfast” in the DayBucket together with the set of all non-flagged BG measurements having times earlier than a time of the breakfast meal bolus (TimeMealBolus). Thereafter, the subroutine process 2260 b routes BGBreakfastDB(n) back to block 2242 of the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D), where each BG measurement representing BGBreakfastDB(n) within the aggregation process 2200 b loop is added at block 2246 to a running sum in preparation for calculation of a mean. When the subroutine process 2260 b determines, at block 2268 b, that filter2 514 is not applying the Pre-Meal Bolus filter (e.g., block 2268 b is “NO”), the subroutine process 2260 b proceeds to block 2272 b.

At block 2272 b, the subroutine process 2260 b determines whether the selected filter applied by filter2 514 includes the “Ideal Mealtimes” filter. If filter2 514 is applying the “Ideal Mealtimes” filter (e.g., block 2272 b is “YES”), then the subroutine process 2260 b at block 2274 b, sets BGBreakfastDB(n) to the selected aggregate method AgMeth applied to the union of the set of BG measurements flagged “breakfast” in the DayBucket together with the set of non-flagged BG measurements within the Ideal Mealtimes filter for breakfast. Thereafter, the subroutine process 2260 b routes BGBreakfastDB(n) back to block 2242 of the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D), where each BG measurement representing BGBreakfastDB(n) within the aggregation process 2200 b loop is added at block 2246 to a running sum in preparation for calculation of a mean.

On the other hand, if filter2 514 is not applying the “Ideal Mealtimes” filter (e.g., block 2272 b is “NO”), then the subroutine process 2260 b determines, at block 2275 b, whether the selected filter applied by filter2 514 includes the “Pre-MealBolus OR IdealMealtime” filter, which passes a union of the sets of BG's that meet the Pre-Meal Bolus filter criteria or Ideal Mealtimes filter criteria. If filter2 514 is applying the “Pre-MealBolus OR IdealMealtime” filter (e.g., block 2275 b is “YES”), then the subroutine process 2260 b, at block 2276 b, sets BGBreakfastDB(n) to the selected aggregate method AgMeth applied to the union of the set of BG measurements flagged “breakfast” in the DayBucket together with the set of all non-flagged BG measurements having times earlier than TimeMealBolus for breakfast together with the set of non-flagged BG measurements within the Ideal Mealtime interval for breakfast. Thereafter, the subroutine process 2260 b routes BGBreakfastDB(n) back to block 2242 of the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D), where each BG measurement representing BGBreakfastDB(n) within the aggregation process 2200 b loop is added at block 2246 to a running sum in preparation for calculation of a mean. When the subroutine process 2260 b determines, at block 2275 b, that filter2 514 is not applying the “Pre-MealBolus OR IdealMealtime” filter (e.g., block 2275 b is “NO”), the subroutine process 2260 b proceeds to block 2277 b.

At block 2277 b, the subroutine process 2260 b determines whether the selected filter applied by filter2 514 includes the “All” filter corresponding to the use of all BG measurements within the associated time-bucket (e.g., Breakfast BG time-bucket). At block 2278 b, the subroutine process 2260 b sets BGBreakfastDB(n) to the the selected aggregate method AGMeth applied to the union of the set of BG measurements flagged “breakfast” in the DayBucket together with the set of all non-flagged BG measurements within the entire Breakfast Daybucket. Thereafter, the subroutine process 2260 b routes BGBreakfastDB(n) back to block 2242 of the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D), where each BG measurement representing the BGBreakfastDB(n) within the aggregation process 2200 b loop is added at block 2246 to a running sum in preparation to calculation of a mean. The value routed back to Block 2242 of the aggregation process 2200 b from one of blocks 2266 b, 2270 b, 2274 b, 2276 b, 2278 b fills the nth iteration of the loop. If, however, the filter2 514 is not applying the “All” filter (e.g., block 2277 b is “NO”), then at block 2279 b, the subroutine process 2260 b, posts message: “Check filter settings” upon the display 116, 146.

Referring to FIG. 7F, the subroutine process 2280 b executes when the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D) determines that the Filter1 512 does not include “Flags” (e.g., block 2240 is “NO”). At block 2282 b, the subroutine process 2280 b provides the determination that Filter1 512 does not include “Flags” from block 2244 of the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D) to block 2284 b, and block 2284 b determines whether or not the selected filter applied by filter2 514 includes the “Pre-Meal Bolus” filter. If filter 2 514 is applying the “Pre Meal Bolus” filter (e.g., block 2284 b is “YES”), then the subroutine process 2280 b, at block 2286 b, sets BGBreakfastDB(n) to the selected aggregate method AgMeth applied to all BG measurements having times earlier than the time of the associated breakfast meal bolus (TimeMealBolus). Thereafter, the subroutine process 2280 b routes BGBreakfastDB(n) back to block 2244 of the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D), where each BG measurement representing BGBreakfastDB(n) within the aggregation process 2200 b loop is added at block 2246 to a running sum in preparation for calculating a mean. When the subroutine process 2260 b determines, at block 2284 b, that filter2 514 is not applying the Pre Meal Bolus filter (e.g., block 2284 b is “NO”), the subroutine process 2280 b proceeds to block 2288 b.

At block 2288 b, the subroutine process 2280 b determines whether the selected filter applied by filter2 514 includes the “Ideal Mealtimes” filter. If filter2 514 is applying the “Ideal Mealtimes” filter (e.g., block 2288 b is “YES”), then the subroutine process 2280 b, at block 2290 b, sets BGBreakfastDB(n) to the selected aggregate method AgMeth applied to all BG measurements within the Ideal Mealtimes interval (e.g., ideal time filter) for breakfast. Thereafter, the subroutine process 2280 b routes BGBreakfastDB(n) back to block 2244 of the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D), where each BG measurement(s) representing BGBreakfastDB(n) within the aggregation process 2200 b loop is added at block 2246 to a running sum in preparation for calculating a mean.

On the other hand, if filter2 514 is not applying the “Ideal Mealtimes” filter (e.g., block 2288 b is “NO”), then the subroutine process 2280 b determines, at block 2292 b, whether the selected filter applied by filter2 514 includes the “Pre-MealBolus OR Ideal Mealtimes” filter, which passes the BG's that pass either the Pre Meal Bolus filter or the Ideal Mealtimes filter. If filter2 514 is applying the “Both” filter (e.g., block 2292 b is “YES”), then the subroutine process 2280 b, at block 2294 b, sets BGBreakfastDB(n) to the selected aggregate method AgMeth applied to the union of the set of all BG measurements having times earlier than TimeMealBolus for breakfast together with the set of all BG measurements within the Ideal Mealtime interval for breakfast. Thereafter, the subroutine process 2280 b routes BGBreakfastDB(n) back to block 2244 of the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D), where each BG measurement representing BGBreakfastDB(n) within the aggregation process 2200 b loop is added at block 2246 to a running sum in preparation for calculating a mean. When the subroutine process 2280 b determines, at block 2292 b, that filter2 514 is not applying the “Both” filter (e.g., block 2292 b is “NO”), the subroutine process 2280 b proceeds to block 2296 b.

At block 2296 b, the subroutine process 2280 b determines whether the selected filter applied by filter2 514 includes the “All” filter corresponding to the use of all BG measurements within the associated time-bucket (e.g., Breakfast BG time-bucket). At block 2298 b, the subroutine process 2280 b sets BGBreakfastDB(n) to the selected aggregate method AGMeth applied to all BG measurements within the entire Breakfast DayBucket. Thereafter, the subroutine process 2280 b routes BGBreakfastDB(n) back to block 2244 of the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D), where each BG measurement representing the BGBreakfastDB(n) within the aggregation process 2200 b loop is added at block 2246 to a running sum in preparation for calculating a mean. The value routed back to Block 2244 of the aggregation process 2200 b from one of blocks 2286 b, 2290 b, 2294 b, 2298 b fills the nth iteration of the loop. If, however, the filter2 514 is not applying the “All” filter (e.g., block 2296 b is “NO”), then at block 2299 b, the subroutine process 2280 b, posts message: “Check filter settings” upon the display 116, 146.

FIG. 8 shows a basal adjustment process 2300 where block 2302 receives the BGBreakfast from Entry Point H (FIG. 7D) and the BGmidsleep (or from Entry Point G (FIG. 7A). In some implementations, process 2300 determines whether or not the BGBreakfast is less than BGmidsleep. The basal adjustment process 2300, at block 2304, selects the BGbreakfast as the governing blood glucose BGgov for a basal adjustment when BG breakfast is not less than BGmidsleep, and block 2306 selects the BGmidsleep as the governing blood glucose BGgov for the basal adjustment when BG breakfast is less than BGmidsleep. The basal adjustment process 2300 applies an adjustment factor (AF) function (FIG. 4 ) at block 2308 using the BGgov selected from one of blocks 2304 or 2306. Specifically, the basal adjustment process 2300 determines the adjustment factor AF at block 2308 as a function of the governing blood glucose BGgov. In scenarios when there are an insufficient number of BG measurements for the Midsleep BG time-bucket, i.e., when block 2204 (FIG. 7A) of aggregation processes 2200 a is “YES”, the basal adjustment process 2300, sets, at block 2328, the Adjustment Factor AF equal to 1. The basal adjustment process 2300 receives, at block 2328, the indication of insufficient BG data, i.e., preventing adjustment of the governing dose, from processes 2200 a via Entry Point S. At block 2310, the basal adjustment process 2300 determines the adjustment to the patient's insulin dose by the following equation:

RecomBasal=(previous RecomBasal)*AF  (12)

wherein the previous RecomBasal is provided from block 2312. The basal adjustment process 2300 transmits, at block 2310, the next recommended basal adjustment RecomBasal to the web-based application 198 of the manufacturer of the glucometer 124 or mobile device 110 b via Entry Point Q of the SubQ outpatient process 1800 (FIG. 5A or FIG. 5B). In some implementations, the basal adjustment process 2300 uses the data flow process 1900 a (FIG. 6A) to transmit the next recommended basal adjustment RecomBasal directly to the mobile device 110 b via Entry Point W (FIG. 6A). In other implementations, the basal adjustment process 2300 uses the data flow process 1900 a (FIG. 6A) to transmit the next recommended basal adjustment RecomBasal to the web-based application 198 of the mobile device 110 b or the glucometer 124 via Entry Point Q (FIG. 6A). Additionally, the basal adjustment process 2300 provides, at block 2330, the RecomBasal to the merged database 1906 (FIG. 6A) within the non-transitory memory 24, 134, 144.

Referring to FIG. 9 , a meal bolus adjustment (without carbohydrate-counting) process 2400 shows blocks 2402, 2404, 2406 calculating next recommended meal boluses for scheduled meal boluses of breakfast, lunch, and dinner, respectively. The next recommended meal bolus for each scheduled meal bolus is based on the blood glucose BG measurement that occurs after the meal bolus being adjusted.

For calculating the next recommended breakfast bolus (block 2402), the meal bolus adjustment process 2400 receives, at block 2410, the BG measurement (e.g., BGlunch) that occurs after the breakfast meal bolus via Entry Point H of the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D), and sets the BGlunch as a governing blood glucose BGgov. The meal bolus adjustment process 2400 applies an adjustment factor (AF) function (FIG. 4 ) at block 2412 using BGlunch as the BGgov. Specifically, the meal bolus adjustment process 2400 determines the adjustment factor AF at block 2412 as function of the governing blood glucose BGgov (e.g., BGlunch). In scenarios when there are an insufficient number of BG measurements for the Lunch BG time-bucket, i.e., when block 2234 (FIG. 7D) of aggregation processes 2200 b is “YES”, the meal adjustment process 2400, sets, at block 2440, the Adjustment Factor AF equal to 1. The meal bolus adjustment process 2400 receives, at block 2440, the indication of insufficient BG data, i.e., preventing adjustment of the governing dose, from the aggregation process 2200 b via Entry Point S. At block 2402, the meal bolus adjustment process 2400 determines the adjustment to the patient's breakfast meal bolus by the following equation:

RecomBreakBol=(previous RecomBreakBol)*AF  (15A)

wherein the previous RecomBreakBol is provided from block 2408. Block 2408 may obtain the previous RecomBreakBol from block 2442 associated with the merged database 1906 (FIG. 6A) within the non-transitory memory 24, 134, 144. Thereafter, the meal bolus adjustment process 2400 uses the data flow process 1900 a (FIG. 6A) to transmit the next recommended breakfast bolus to the web-based application 198 of the mobile device 110 b or the glucometer 124 via Entry Point Q (FIG. 6A), or directly to the mobile device 110 b via Entry Point W (FIG. 6A).

For calculating the next recommended lunch bolus (block 2404), the meal bolus adjustment process 2400 receives, at block 2416, the BG measurement (e.g., BGdinner) that occurs after the lunch meal bolus via Entry Point H of the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D), and sets the BGdinner as a governing blood glucose BGgov. The meal bolus adjustment process 2400 applies an adjustment factor (AF) function (FIG. 4 ) at block 2418 using BGdinner as the BGgov. Specifically, the meal bolus adjustment process 2400 determines the adjustment factor AF at block 2418 as a function of the governing blood glucose BGgov (e.g., BGdinner). In scenarios when there are an insufficient number of BG measurements for the Dinner BG time-bucket, i.e., when block 2234 (FIG. 7D) of aggregation processes 2200 b is “YES”, the meal adjustment process 2400, sets, at block 2440, the Adjustment Factor AF equal to 1. The meal bolus adjustment process 2400 receives, at block 2440, the indication of insufficient BG data, i.e., preventing adjustment of the governing dose, from the aggregation process 2200 b via Entry Point S. At block 2404, the meal bolus adjustment process 2400 determines the adjustment to the patient's lunch meal bolus by the following equation:

RecomLunchBol=(previous RecomLunchBol)*AF  (15B)

wherein the previous RecomLunchBol is provided from block 2414. Block 2414 may obtain the previous RecomLunchBol from block 2442 associated with the merged database 1906 (FIG. 6A) within the non-transitory memory 24, 134, 144. Thereafter, the meal bolus adjustment process 2400 uses the data flow process 1900 a (FIG. 6A) to transmit the next recommended lunch bolus to the web-based application 198 of the mobile device 110 b or the glucometer 124 via Entry Point Q (FIG. 6A), or directly to the mobile device 110 b via Entry Point W (FIG. 6A).

For calculating the next recommended dinner bolus (block 2406), the meal bolus adjustment process 2400 receives, at block 2422, the blood glucose (BG) measurement (e.g., BGbedtime) that occurs after the dinner meal bolus via Entry Point G of the non-meal aggregation process 2200 a (FIG. 7A), and sets BGbedtime as a governing blood glucose BGgov. The meal bolus adjustment process 2400 applies an adjustment factor (AF) function (FIG. 4 ) at block 2424 using BGbedtime as the BGgov. Specifically, the meal bolus adjustment process 2400 determines the adjustment factor AF at block 2424 as a function of the governing blood glucose BGgov (e.g., BGbedtime). In scenarios when there are an insufficient number of BG measurements for the Bedtime BG time-bucket, i.e., when block 2204 (FIG. 7A) of aggregation process 2200 a is “YES”, the meal bolus adjustment process 2400, sets, at block 2440, the Adjustment Factor AF equal to 1. The meal bolus adjustment process 2400 receives, at block 2440, the indication of insufficient BG data, i.e., preventing adjustment of the governing dose, from the aggregation process 2200 a via Entry Point S. At block 2406, the meal bolus adjustment process 2400 determines the adjustment to the patient's next dinner meal bolus by the following equation:

RecomDinnerBol=(previous RecomDinnerBol)*AF,  (15C)

wherein the previous RecomDinnerBol is provided from block 2420. Block 2420 may obtain the previous RecomDinnerBol from block 2442 associated with the merged database 1906 (FIG. 6A) within the non-transitory memory 24, 134, 144. Thereafter, the meal bolus adjustment process 2400 uses the data flow process 1900 a (FIG. 6A) to transmit the next recommended dinner bolus to the web-based application 198 of the mobile device 110 b or the glucometer 124 via Entry Point Q (FIG. 6A), or directly to the mobile device 110 b via Entry Point W (FIG. 6A).

In some implementations, the adjusted meal boluses set forth above may be calculated using the grams of carbohydrate consumed by the patient 10 and the Carbohydrate-to-Insulin Ratio CIR where the Recommended Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner Boluses may be calculated as follows:

RecomLunchBolus=(Carbohydrate gms in Lunch)/CIR  (16A)

RecomDinnerBol=(Carbohydrate gms in Dinner)/CIR  (16B)

RecBreakfastBol=(Carbohydrate gms in Breakfast)/CIR  (16C)

Referring to FIG. 10 , a carbohydrate-insulin-ratio (CIR) adjustment process 2500 shows blocks 2502, 2504, 2506 calculating next recommended CIRs for scheduled meal boluses of breakfast, lunch and dinner, respectively. The next recommended CIR for each scheduled meal bolus is based on the blood glucose BG measurement that occurs after the meal bolus associated with the CIR being adjusted.

For calculating the next recommended breakfast CIR (block 2502), the CIR adjustment process 2500 receives, at block 2510, the BG measurement (e.g., BGlunch) that occurs after the breakfast meal bolus via Entry Point H of the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D), and sets the BGlunch as a governing blood glucose BGgov. The CIR adjustment process 2500 applies an adjustment factor (AF) function (FIG. 4 ) at block 2512 using BGlunch as the BGgov. Specifically, CIR adjustment process 2500 determines the adjustment factor AF at block 2512 as a function of the governing blood glucose BGgov (e.g., BGlunch). In scenarios when there are an insufficient number of BG measurements for the Lunch BG time-bucket, i.e., when block 2234 (FIG. 7D) of aggregation processes 2200 b is “YES”, the CIR adjustment process 2500, sets, at block 2540, the Adjustment Factor AF equal to 1. The CIR adjustment process 2500 receives, at block 2540, the indication of insufficient BG data, i.e., preventing adjustment of the governing dose, from the aggregation process 2200 b via Entry Point S. At block 2502, the CIR adjustment process 2500 determines the adjustment to the patient's breakfast CIR by the following equation:

RecomBreakCIR=(previous RecomBreakCIR)/AF,  (17A)

wherein the previous RecomBreakCIR is provided from block 2508. Block 2508 may obtain the previous RecomBreakCIR from block 2542 associated with the merged database 1906 (FIG. 6A) within the non-transitory memory 24, 134, 144. Thereafter, the CIR adjustment process 2500 uses the data flow process 1900 a (FIG. 6A) to transmit the next recommended breakfast CIR to the web-based application 198 of the mobile device 110 b or the glucometer 124 via Entry Point Q (FIG. 6A), or directly to the mobile device 110 b via Entry Point W (FIG. 6A).

For calculating the next recommended lunch CIR (block 2504), the CIR adjustment process 2500 receives, at block 2516, the BG measurement (e.g., BGdinner) that occurs after the lunch meal bolus via Entry Point H of the aggregation process 2200 b (FIG. 7D), and sets the BGdinner as a governing blood glucose BGgov. The CIR adjustment process 2500 applies an adjustment factor (AF) function (FIG. 4 ) at block 2518 using BGdinner as the BGgov. Specifically, the CIR adjustment process 2500 determines the adjustment factor AF at block 2518 as a function of the governing blood glucose BGgov (e.g., BGdinner). In scenarios when there are an insufficient number of BG measurements for the Dinner BG time-bucket, i.e., when block 2234 (FIG. 7D) of aggregation processes 2200 b is “YES”, the CIR adjustment process 2500, sets, at block 2540, the Adjustment Factor AF equal to 1. The CIR adjustment process 2500 receives, at block 2540, the indication of insufficient BG data, i.e., preventing adjustment of the governing dose, from the aggregation process 2200 b via Entry Point S. At block 2504, the CIR adjustment process 2500 determines the adjustment to the patient's lunch CIR by the following equation:

RecomLunchCIR=(previous RecomLunchCIR)/AF,  (17B)

wherein the previous RecomLunchCIR is provided from block 2514. Block 2514 may obtain the previous RecomLunchCIR from block 2542 associated with the merged database 1906 (FIG. 6A) within the non-transitory memory 24, 134, 144. Thereafter, the CIR adjustment process 2500 uses the data flow process 1900 a (FIG. 6A) to transmit the next recommended breakfastCIR to the web-based application 198 of the mobile device 110 b or the glucometer 124 via Entry Point Q (FIG. 6A), or directly to the mobile device 110 b via Entry Point W (FIG. 6A).

For calculating the next recommended CIR dinner bolus (block 2506), the CIR adjustment process 2500 receives, at block 2522, the blood glucose (BG) measurement (e.g., BGbedtime) that occurs after the dinner meal bolus via Entry Point G of the non-meal aggregation process 2200 a (FIG. 7A), and sets BGbedtime as a governing blood glucose BGgov. The CIR adjustment process 2500 applies an adjustment factor (AF) function (FIG. 4 ) at block 2524 using BGbedtime as the BGgov. Specifically, the CIR adjustment process 2500 determines the adjustment factor AF at block 2524 as a function of the governing blood glucose BGgov (e.g., BGbedtime). In scenarios when there are an insufficient number of BG measurements for the Bedtime BG time-bucket, i.e., when block 2204 (FIG. 7A) of aggregation process 2200 a is “YES”, the CIR adjustment process 2500, sets, at block 2540, the Adjustment Factor AF equal to 1. The CIR adjustment process 2500 receives, at block 2540, the indication of insufficient BG data, i.e., preventing adjustment of the governing dose, from the aggregation process 2200 a via Entry Point S. At block 2506, the CIR adjustment process 2500 determines the adjustment to the patient's next dinner CIR by the following equation:

RecomDinnerCIR=(previous RecomDinnerCIR)/AF  (17C)

wherein the previous RecomDinnerCIR is provided from block 2520. Block 2520 may obtain the previous RecomDinnerCIR from block 2542 associated with the merged database 1906 (FIG. 6A) within the non-transitory memory 24, 134, 144. Thereafter, the CIR adjustment process 2500 uses the data flow process 1900 a (FIG. 6A) to transmit the next recommended dinner CIR to the web-based application 198 of the mobile device 110 b or the glucometer 124 via Entry Point Q (FIG. 6A), or directly to the mobile device 110 b via Entry Point W (FIG. 6A).

FIG. 11 is a schematic view of exemplary components of the system of FIGS. 1A-1C. FIG. 11 may be described with reference to the SubQ outpatient process 1800 b of FIG. 5B. In some implementations, the insulin administration device 123 associated with the patient 10 includes a smart pump 123 a or a smart pen 123 b that is capable of communicating (e.g., syncing) with a patient device 110 such as a smart phone 110 b. In the example shown, the smart pen 123 b communicates with the smart phone 110 b via Bluetooth, however, other wireless or wired communications are possible. Likewise, in some implementations, the glucometer 124 associated with the patient 10 is capable of communicating blood glucose measurements to the smart phone 110 b. The glucometer 124 and smart phone 110 b may communicate via Bluetooth, infrared, cable, or any other communications. In some examples, the glucometer 124 communicates with a data translator 125, and the data translator 125 provides the blood glucose measurements from the glucometer 124 to the smart phone 110 b. The computing device 112 b of the smart phone 110 b may execute a mobile application 1198 for communicating with the dosing controller 160 such that information can be communicated over the network 20 between the dosing controller 160 and each of the smart pen 123 b and the glucometer 124. For example, dosing parameters adjusted by the dosing controller 160 may be transmitted to the smart phone 110 b and stored within memory 114 b. The dosing parameters may include, but are not limited to: TargetBG, Correction Factor (CF), CIR for all day, CIR's for each meal, Recommended Breakfast Bolus, Recommended Lunch Bolus, Recommended Dinner Bolus, Recommended Basal doses, number of Basal doses per day, and Basal dose scheduled times. As described above with reference to the data flow process 1900 a-c of FIGS. 6A-6C, the dosing parameters may be adjusted automatically or manually initiated by the user 40 or patient 10.

In some implementations, upon the glucometer 124 determining a blood glucose measurement, the glucometer 124 transmits the blood glucose measurement to the smart phone 110 b. The smart phone 110 b may render the blood glucose measurement upon the display 116 b and permit the patient 10 to select the BGtype associated with the blood glucose measurement (e.g., blocks 1804 and 1806 of FIG. 5B). The smart phone 110 b may transmit the BG measurement and the BG type to the dosing controller 160 via the network 20. In some implementations, the mobile application 1198 executing on the smart phone 110 b calculates a correction bolus (CB) using EQ. 2 based upon the current correction factor (CF) and Target BG stored within the memory 114 b. In other implementations, the correction bolus (CB) is calculated using EQ. 10 (block 714 of FIG. 3 ) by deducting from previously administered doses of insulin that are still active. The CF and Target BG may be provided when a previous dosing parameter adjustment was transmitted to the smart phone 110 b from the dosing controller 160.

In some implementations, recommended meal boluses may be determined by the dosing controller 160 and sent to the smart phone 110 b during each adjustment transmission and stored within the memory 114 b. For example, upon the patient 10 selecting the BG type for a given blood glucose measurement, the mobile application 1198 executing on the smartphone may determine the meal bolus (e.g., breakfast, lunch, or dinner) based upon the BG type without using carb counting for the current meal. In some configurations, the mobile application 1198 executing on the smart phone 110 b executes all functionality of the dosing controller 160, thereby eliminating the need for communications over the network. In some examples, when the BG measurement requires the correction bolus, the mobile application 1198 calculates a total bolus (e.g., meal bolus+correction bolus) and transmits the total bolus to the smart pen 123 b. In some examples, the smart pen 123 b (using the administration computing device 112 e, automatically dials in the total bolus for the doser 223 b to administer. In some examples, the smart pen 123 b receives a recommended total bolus dose from the smart phone 110 b transmitted from the computing device 142 of the dosing controller 160 via the network 20. In some examples, upon administration of an insulin dose by the smart pen 123 b, the smart pen 123 b transmits the value of the administered dose to the smart phone 110 b for storage within memory 114 a along with the associated BG measurement.

In some examples, the patient 10 may enter a number of carbohydrates for a current meal into the glucometer 124 for transmission to the smart phone 110 b or directly into the smart phone 110 b when a blood glucose measurement is received. Using a carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio (CIR) transmitted from the dosing controller 160 to the smart phone 110 b, the mobile application 1198 executing on the smart phone may calculate the recommended meal bolus (e.g., breakfast, lunch or dinner) using one of the EQ. 16A-16C. In some examples, the CIR and CF are adjusted each time a BG measurement is received at the dosing controller 160 from the glucometer 124 using the smart phone 110 b to facilitate the transmission thru the network 20. In other examples, the CIR and CF are adjusted when all the dosing parameters are adjusted (e.g., via the batch download process) and transmitted to the smart phone 110 b for storage within the memory 114 b.

FIG. 12A shows the display 146 of the health care provider computing system 140 displaying blood glucose data. A plot 502 depicts a modal day scatter chart of blood glucose measurements over a period of time along the x-axis and blood glucose value along the y-axis. In the example shown, a target blood glucose range is depicted in the plot. Computational Information 504 depicts an average for patients' A1C value (6.8%), an average fasting blood glucose value (e.g., 138 mg/dl), an average BGs per day, a percent of BGs Within the target, a total number of patients using basal bolus therapy, a total number of patients using basal/correction therapy, a total number of patients using a pump, and a total number of patients using inhalants. Bar graph 506 depicts a distribution of blood glucose measurements in the target range and pie chart 508 depicts a percentage of patients experiencing varying degrees of hypoglycemia.

FIG. 13 is a schematic view of an exemplary Carbohydrate-Insulin-Ratio (CIR) Adjustment in a Meal-by-Meal process 2600. There is a single variable for CIR. Blocks 2604, 2608, 2610, 2614, 2616 determine whether or not a given meal type is associated with a BGtype for Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner, Bedtime, or MidSleep/Miscellaneous, respectively. For a given meal, e.g. Lunch, the process obtains the CIR, at block 2628 from the previous meal calculations e.g. Breakfast, associated with block 2624 (a few hours previous). The current BG is identified as the Lunch BG at block 2608. The Lunch BG may be only seconds old. The Lunch BG is sent to block 2618 as a governing blood glucose value BGgov for determining an Adjustment Factor AF using the Adjustment Factor Function. Accordingly, at block 2628, the process 2600 calculates the CIR for Lunch by dividing the previous CIR for Breakfast by the AF determined at block 2618. Block 2628 provides the CIR for Lunch to block 2640 for calculating the recommended lunch bolus by dividing an estimated number of carbohydrates to be consumed by the patient by the CIR for lunch. For calculating the CIR for Dinner, block 2632 may use the CIR for Lunch calculated at block 2628. Process 2600 repeats, meal-by-meal, with the exception of the logic flow between Bedtime and Breakfast, whereat the Bedtime BG is ideally placed after Dinner to govern an adjustment to the current CIR. Therefore, the Bedtime BG at block 2614 is the governing BG fed to the AF function at block 2622, and the resulting AF is sent to block 2634. Also the current CIR arrives at 2634 from the CIR for Dinner calculated at block 2632. The calculation at block 2634 involves dividing the current CIR by the AF to obtain a newly adjusted value of the CIR. In some implementations, a Bedtime snack is allowed, using this value of the CTR. This value of the CIR (governed by the Bedtime BG) is passed without further adjustment to the Breakfast calculations the next day. In some implementations, an additional CIR adjustment may be governed by the MidSleep BG.

Referring to FIG. 14 , a method 1400 of administering insulin using a subcutaneous (SubQ) outpatient process 1800 includes receiving 1402 subcutaneous information 216 for a patient 10 at a computing device 112, 132, 142. The method 1400 executes 1404 the SubQ outpatient process 1800. The method 1400 includes obtaining 1406 blood glucose data of the patient 124 from a glucometer 124 in communication with the computing device 112, 132, 142. The blood glucose data includes blood glucose measurements of the patient 10 and/or doses of insulin administered by the patient 10 associated with each blood glucose measurement. The method 1400 includes the computing device 112, 132, 142 determining 1408 a next recommended insulin dosage for the patient 10 based on the obtained blood glucose data and the subcutaneous information 216 a. The method further includes 1400 the computing device 112, 132, 142 transmitting the next recommended insulin dosage to a portable device associated with the patient 10. The portable device 110 a-e displays the next recommended insulin dose.

Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here can be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. These various implementations can include implementation in one or more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which may be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device.

These computer programs (also known as programs, software, software applications or code) include machine instructions for a programmable processor and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/or object-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As used herein, the terms “machine-readable medium” and “computer-readable medium” refer to any computer program product, apparatus and/or device (e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)) used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal. The term “machine-readable signal” refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor.

Implementations of the subject matter and the functional operations described in this specification can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Moreover, subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a computer readable medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. The computer readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter affecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more of them. The terms “data processing apparatus”, “computing device” and “computing processor” encompass all apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them. A propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus.

A computer program (also known as an application, program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

The processes and logic flows described in this specification can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computer need not have such devices. Moreover, a computer can be embedded in another device, e.g., a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio player, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, to name just a few. Computer readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto optical disks; and CD ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

To provide for interaction with a user, one or more aspects of the disclosure can be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube), LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, or touch screen for displaying information to the user and optionally a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. In addition, a computer can interact with a user by sending documents to and receiving documents from a device that is used by the user; for example, by sending web pages to a web browser on a user's client device in response to requests received from the web browser.

One or more aspects of the disclosure can be implemented in a computing system that includes a backend component, e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server, or that includes a frontend component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the subject matter described in this specification, or any combination of one or more such backend, middleware, or frontend components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network (“WAN”), an inter-network (e.g., the Internet), and peer-to-peer networks (e.g., ad hoc peer-to-peer networks).

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other. In some implementations, a server transmits data (e.g., an HTML page) to a client device (e.g., for purposes of displaying data to and receiving user input from a user interacting with the client device). Data generated at the client device (e.g., a result of the user interaction) can be received from the client device at the server.

While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the disclosure or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular implementations of the disclosure. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multi-tasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.

A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. For example, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method executed on data processing hardware that causes the data processing hardware to perform operations comprising: obtaining glucose data of a patient, the glucose data including glucose measurements of the patient and glucose times associated with the glucose measurements; for a first scheduled glucose time interval associated with a corresponding adjustable time boundary that does not overlap with another time boundary associated with a second scheduled glucose time interval, aggregating the glucose measurements associated with the first scheduled glucose time interval based on the glucose times to determine a corresponding representative aggregate glucose measurement associated with the first scheduled glucose time interval; determining a next recommended carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio for the patient during the second scheduled glucose time interval based on the representative aggregate glucose measurement associated with the first scheduled glucose time interval that occurs immediately after the second scheduled glucose time interval; and transmitting the next recommended carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio for the patient during the second scheduled glucose time interval from the data processing hardware to a patient device, the patient device executing a mobile application configured to: receive a number of carbohydrates consumed by the patient during the second scheduled glucose time interval; determine a recommended meal bolus for the patient based on the number of carbohydrates consumed by the patient and the next recommended carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio for the patient during the second scheduled glucose time interval; and transmit the recommended meal bolus to an administration device in communication with the patient device, the administration device configured to automatically dial in a number of units of insulin for the recommended meal bolus and administer the number of units of insulin for the recommended meal bolus.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise receiving the first and second scheduled glucose time intervals from a healthcare provider computing device in communication with the data processing hardware.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the mobile application executing on the patient device is further configured to display the number of carbohydrates consumed by the patient during the second scheduled glucose time interval on the display of the patient device.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining the glucose data comprises receiving the glucose data from a remote computing device in communication with the data processing hardware during a batch download process, the remote computing device executing a download program for downloading the glucose data from a glucose measurement device or a continuous glucose monitoring system associated with the patient.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining the glucose data comprises receiving the glucose data from a glucose measurement device associated with the patient and in communication with the patient device.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining the glucose data comprises receiving the glucose data from a continuous glucose monitoring system associated with the patient and in communication with the patient device.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the administration device comprises an insulin pump.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the administration device comprises a smart insulin pen.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the representative aggregate glucose measurement comprises a mean glucose value for the associated first scheduled glucose time interval.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the representative aggregate glucose measurement comprises a median glucose value for the associated first scheduled glucose time interval.
 11. A system comprising: data processing hardware; and memory hardware in communication with the data processing hardware, the memory hardware storing instructions that when executed on the data processing hardware cause the data processing hardware to perform operations comprising: obtaining glucose data of a patient, the glucose data including glucose measurements of the patient and glucose times associated with the glucose measurements; for a first scheduled glucose time interval associated with a corresponding adjustable time boundary that does not overlap with another time boundary associated with a second scheduled glucose time interval, aggregating the glucose measurements associated with the first scheduled glucose time interval based on the glucose times to determine a corresponding representative aggregate glucose measurement associated with the first scheduled glucose time interval; determining a next recommended carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio for the patient during the second scheduled glucose time interval based on the representative aggregate glucose measurement associated with the first scheduled glucose time interval that occurs immediately after the second scheduled glucose time interval; and transmitting the next recommended carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio for the patient during the second scheduled glucose time interval from the data processing hardware to a patient device, the patient device executing a mobile application configured to: receive a number of carbohydrates consumed by the patient during the second scheduled glucose time interval; determine a recommended meal bolus for the patient based on the number of carbohydrates consumed by the patient and the next recommended carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio for the patient during the second scheduled glucose time interval; and transmit the recommended meal bolus to an administration device in communication with the patient device, the administration device configured to automatically dial in a number of units of insulin for the recommended meal bolus and administer the number of units of insulin for the recommended meal bolus.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the operations further comprise receiving the first and second scheduled glucose time intervals from a healthcare provider computing device in communication with the data processing hardware.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the mobile application executing on the patient device is further configured to display the number of carbohydrates consumed by the patient during the second scheduled glucose time interval on the display of the patient device.
 14. The system of claim 11, wherein obtaining the glucose data comprises receiving the glucose data from a remote computing device in communication with the data processing hardware during a batch download process, the remote computing device executing a download program for downloading the glucose data from a glucose measurement device or a continuous glucose monitoring system associated with the patient.
 15. The system of claim 11, wherein obtaining the glucose data comprises receiving the glucose data from a glucose measurement device associated with the patient and in communication with the patient device.
 16. The system of claim 11, wherein obtaining the glucose data comprises receiving the glucose data from a continuous glucose monitoring system associated with the patient and in communication with the patient device.
 17. The system of claim 11, wherein the administration device comprises an insulin pump.
 18. The system of claim 11, wherein the administration device comprises a smart insulin pen.
 19. The system of claim 11, wherein the representative aggregate glucose measurement comprises a mean glucose value for the associated first scheduled glucose time interval.
 20. The system of claim 11, wherein the representative aggregate glucose measurement comprises a median glucose value for the associated first scheduled glucose time interval. 